Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk. To determine its origin in the United States, we reconstructed a time-scaled phylogeny with a discrete trait geospatial model. The clone in the United States was introduced from Europe on multiple occasions in the early 2000s.
Highlights
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk
On the basis of high genetic similarity between Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type (ST) 34 isolates from the United States and Europe and Salmonella Typhimurium strains from Europe, we suggested a European origin for the Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- ST34 clade (4)
Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- ST34 was introduced into the United States from Europe on multiple occasions since the beginning of the 21st century
Summary
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica 4,[5],12:i:- sequence type 34 represents a worldwide public health risk. To determine its origin in the United States, we reconstructed a time-scaled phylogeny with a discrete trait geospatial model. Since the late 1990s, reports of an emerging multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype 4,[5],12:i:- strain have been published in Europe (1). We applied the modeling approach to 10 subsets of 112 sequences selected from the study population These sequences represented 33% (474/1,431) of the study population and included 242 sequences from Europe (76% from humans, 8% from food products, 8% from livestock, and 8% from other sources) and 232 from the United States (62% from humans, 13% from food products, 21% from livestock, and 3% from other sources). Time-scaled phylogenies of each subset were reconstructed by using a general time-reversible nucleotide substitution model, an uncorrelated lognormal relaxed molecular clock, and an exponential growth coalescent model with asymmetric trait transitions (Figure 1; Appendix 2 Figures 1–10, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ article/26/12/20-0336-App2.pdf). Transmission of Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- ST34 polymorphisms/genome/year; the time to most recent common ancestor was 1994 (95% HPD 1988–2000); the number of collection location state transitions (Markov jumps) from Europe to the United States was 7.7
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
