Abstract
Translations of written records make special economic and noneconomic contributions to the generation and exchange of knowledge. Unesco data on book are analyzed, showing mixed patterns of language interdependence as measured by ratios of translations from to translations into and per capita productivity. English, French, and German are numerically major source and end languages, but Danish and Swedish exceed all on a per capita basis. Spanish and Japanese are much more likely to be languages of translation than sources. Political and economic power associated with language populations and differential multilingual reading capability are relevant variables.
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