Transition metal nanoparticles as nanocatalysts for Suzuki, Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions

Abstract

Transition metal (TM) catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are the utmost versatile and reliable methods for the production of many industrially important fine chemicals. The utilization of transition metals nanocatalysts in organic transformations, specifically the Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions, have enticed the vigilant eye of researchers and technologists due to; (i) high surface area, (ii) higher number of surface atoms leading to large number of catalytic active centers, and (iii) chemical stability. Moreover, being colloidal, nanomaterials combine the properties of both homogeneous and heterogeneous, i.e., solubility in different solvents and ease in the separation of catalysts. This improves the overall catalytic efficiency and cost. Therefore, these pseudo-homogeneous nanocatalysts are gaining a great deal of attention due to their broad substrate scope and ease of handling. This review article focuses on the recent advances in developing nanostructured catalysts and their utilization for selective carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions, e.g., Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira coupling reactions. The main focus is laid on the reactions catalyzed by nanocatalysts derived from transition metals such as Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Ni, Fe, Au, and Zn, expounding the conception and rationale based on the reactivity improvement and the recyclability of the nanocatalysts are presented here. The heterogeneous catalysis, essential in daily chemical transformations, is demonstrated, implicating significant functions presented by the nanocatalysts, related pros and cons, recyclability, and efficiency.