Abstract
Increasing demand for CO2 utilization reactions and the stable character of CO2 have motivated interest in developing highly active, selective and stable catalysts. Precious metal catalysts have been studied extensively due to their high activities, but their implementation for industrial applications is hindered due to their elevated cost. Among the materials which have comparatively low prices, transition metal carbides (TMCs) are deemed to display catalytic properties similar to Pt-group metals (Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt) in several reactions such as hydrogenation and dehydrogenation processes. In addition, they are excellent substrates to disperse metallic particles. Hence, the unique properties of TMCs make them ideal substitutes for precious metals resulting in promising catalysts for CO2 utilization reactions. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances on TMCs catalysts towards gas phase CO2 utilization processes, such as CO2 methanation, reverse water gas shift (rWGS) and dry reforming of methane (DRM). We have carefully analyzed synthesis procedures, performances and limitations of different TMCs catalysts. Insights on material characteristics such as crystal structure and surface chemistry and their connection with the catalytic activity are also critically reviewed.
Highlights
With the development of modern society, the amount of CO2 emitted in human activities is growing and cannot be balanced by global fixation
In addition to these small-scale applications, it can be used in large-scale industries to boost processes in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [5,6], enhanced gas recovery (EGR) [7,8] and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) [9,10,11]
The CO2 conversion within the CO2 methanation for the Ni-Mo2 C/Al2 O3 conversion of about 16% with CO selectivity of 99.5% was achieved at 400 °C at a CO2/H2 = 1/1 increased from 1.8% to 27.3% when temperature increased from 250 ◦ C to 500 ◦ C while the CO2 reaction mixture
Summary
With the development of modern society, the amount of CO2 emitted in human activities is growing and cannot be balanced by global fixation. Many studies show that TMCs are a promising class of catalysts in a wide range of reactions like reforming [31], hydrogenation [32], and CO oxidation [33] They are believed to have a positive function for the CO2 utilization process and many research projects revolving around TMCs catalysts have been launched. The TMCs surfaces are more active than the Pt-group metal surfaces in reactions involving oxygen-containing molecules [37]. Despite these studies having revealed that the reaction pathways towards TMCs catalysts are significantly different between TMCs and Pt-group metals, research dealing with catalytic behaviour of TMCs and its similarities to Pt-group is still underway.
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