Transit-Induced Gentrification or Vice Versa?

Abstract

Problem, research strategy, and findings In the 1990s, some cities across the United States invested significantly in expanding light rail transit (LRT) systems. As a result, transit-oriented development (TOD) near new stations became a desirable planning goal for local governments and lucrative to developers. In this study we examined evidence of gentrification in all LRT station areas before and after the opening of these new stations. We also tested the prevalence of gentrification in station areas specifically characterized as TODs. Longitudinal data across seven regions, from 1970 to 2010, demonstrated signs of gentrification in proximity to new stations compared with control areas. By 2000, the share of the White population grew near LRT stations, whereas the percentage of Black residents remained flat. From 1990 to 2010, we found signs of gentrification based on both demographic and economic indicators, including low-income populations. We also tested the relationship among built environment variables and a gentrification index, which revealed a positive correlation with walkability, density, and diversity variables. Our study did not include data to compare the differences in effectiveness between market-rate versus affordable housing, which should be part of future research. Takeaway for practice The results of this study should aid planners and policymakers in understanding the patterns of gentrification before and after the opening of LRT stations. Planners should be concerned with negative effects on Black and low-income residents well before LRT stations open. Our study provides evidence for the need to expand housing and job opportunities in a mixed-use environment as a critical strategy to reduce gentrification near LRT stations and in TODs.