Transforming olive-processed waste and almond shells into high-quality Biofuels: a comprehensive development and evaluation approach

Abstract

ABSTRACT Amidst the energy crisis, biomass energy has emerged as a pivotal solution, given its abundant distribution, impressive storage capabilities, and carbon-neutral nature. The study aims to develop biofuels of good quality using various agroalimentary waste products, Examining the pelletization process of including wet olive pomace (wet olive pomace (2 phases)(OP)), de-oiled olive pomace (DOP), olive stones (OS), and almond shells (AS), this research assesses its effectiveness in enhancing both bulk and energy densities, highlighting it as the optimal method for such enhancement. The preparation of these biofuels without binder has yielded promising results in terms of bulk density, hardness, calorific value, and ash content. Tests comparing biofuels to commercial olive pomace pellets (COP) showed the following: Using biomass with moisture content below 15%, granulometry of 1 mm or smaller, and no binder produces high-quality pellets. These pellets had high density (889, 675, 643, and 621 kg/m3), high hardness (99.18%, 99.80%, 98.92%, and 99.14%), and high heating values (18.93, 20.29, 22.51, and 20.38 MJ/kg) at average temperatures and pressures. These results are comparable to those of commercial products. In general, biomass and solid biofuels offer credible alternatives to produce energy in the form of electricity, heat, or both, using various processes, such as combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification. The knowledge gained from this research is very helpful in developing and improving bioenergy systems and promoting sustainable methods of producing energy from agricultural wastes.