Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β) is a cytokine with multifunctional biological activities. It is highly expressed in a variety of tumors and is closely related to the occurrence, development, and prognosis of tumors. In most cells, TGF-β1 can conduct signal transduction through the classical pathway (depending on Smad) and the non-canonical pathway (independent of Smad), exerting its biological effects. Studies have shown that TGF-β1 mainly affects the development of tumors through epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, and carcinoembryonic antigen receptors. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of TGF-β1 carcinogenesis will provide new therapeutic methods to prevent tumor recurrence and delay its metastasis.
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