Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) diagnosis through digital fundus images requires clinical experts to recognize the presence and importance of many intricate features. This task is very difficult for ophthalmologists and time-consuming. Therefore, many computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems were developed to automate this screening process of DR. In this paper, a CAD-DR system is proposed based on preprocessing and a pre-train transfer learning-based convolutional neural network (PCNN) to recognize the five stages of DR through retinal fundus images. To develop this CAD-DR system, a preprocessing step is performed in a perceptual-oriented color space to enhance the DR-related lesions and then a standard pre-train PCNN model is improved to get high classification results. The architecture of the PCNN model is based on three main phases. Firstly, the training process of the proposed PCNN is accomplished by using the expected gradient length (EGL) to decrease the image labeling efforts during the training of the CNN model. Secondly, the most informative patches and images were automatically selected using a few pieces of training labeled samples. Thirdly, the PCNN method generated useful masks for prognostication and identified regions of interest. Fourthly, the DR-related lesions involved in the classification task such as micro-aneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates were detected and then used for recognition of DR. The PCNN model is pre-trained using a high-end graphical processor unit (GPU) on the publicly available Kaggle benchmark. The obtained results demonstrate that the CAD-DR system outperforms compared to other state-of-the-art in terms of sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), and accuracy (ACC). On the test set of 30,000 images, the CAD-DR system achieved an average SE of 93.20%, SP of 96.10%, and ACC of 98%. This result indicates that the proposed CAD-DR system is appropriate for the screening of the severity-level of DR.
Highlights
One of the major causes of severe vision-loss among patients of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR)
5) To the best of our knowledge, there is no previous Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD)-DR model in the medical imaging field that works in harmony with convolution neural networks (CNN) parameters to select the most informative patches and images
This proposed CAD-DR system is outperformed compared to other state-of-the-art systems on 30,000 retinograph images
Summary
One of the major causes of severe vision-loss among patients of diabetes is diabetic retinopathy (DR). Many patients are suffered vision-loss without any proper diagnosis and treatment [1]. Ophthalmologists use non-mydriatic fundus images and Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) programs for the early assessment/grade severity level of DR. The detection of lesions caused by DR is the basis of these earliest detection of DR. Those DR-related lesions in the fundus image are unhealthy objects appear on the retinal surface such as micro-aneurysms (MA’s), exudates (EX’s), hemorrhages (HEM’s) and cotton wool spots (CWS). Proliferative (PDR) and nonproliferative (NPDR) are two main types of DR, where PDR is advanced form of eye disease, and NPDR is an early sign of DR stage. The manual grading of DR requires extensive domain-expert knowledge and reader inter-/intra-class variability experience [3–5]
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