Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation may elicit anti-inflammatory actions through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans

Abstract

Introduction: Since the discovery of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been suggested as a treatment option for chronic inflammatory conditions. This pathway relies on efferent vagal nerve fibers. Invasive cervical VNS activates afferent and efferent vagal nerve fibers and, thus, has the potential to directly activate the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. In contrast, transcutaneous auricular VNS (taVNS) activates the auricular branch of the vagus nerve that is purely afferent and projects to the nucleus of the solitary tract. Thus, any anti-inflammatory actions of taVNS are unlikely to result from a direct activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The objective of this study was to investigate alternative mechanisms by which taVNS may elicit anti-inflammatory effects. The hypothesis was tested that taVNS activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in adrenal cortisol secretion that will then modulate circulatory immune cell numbers. Methods: The study was approved by the appropriate authorities (IRB# 0054_2019 and NCT04177264). Study participants were healthy adults (n=19, 6 male, 13 female). On three consecutive days either taVNS (left ear, 10 Hz, 1-2 mA, 300 μs pulse width) or sham-taVNS (stimulator off) was applied for 10 minutes. A blood sample was drawn at the end of the third day. Plasma cortisol was determined by ELISA (K003-H1W, Arbor Assays, MI). Circulating T-helper cells (CD3+, CD4+), cytotoxic T-cells (CD3+, CD8+), B-cells (CD19+), monocytes (CD14+, CD11b+), and natural killer (NK, CD3-, CD56+) cells were counted using flow cytometry. Statistical significance was assumed at P<0.05 and trends are reported for P<0.15 based on unpaired t-tests. Results: Plasma cortisol levels tended to be higher following taVNS (72.5±9.5 ng/mL) compared to sham-taVNS (52.3±3.8 ng/mL, P=0.09). Following taVNS, the relative number of circulatory B cells was lower (0.48±0.11 % vs. 0.82±0.11 %, P<0.05), while the number of circulatory monocytes was higher (2.21±0.32 % vs 1.58±0.16 %, P=0.06) compared to sham-taVNS. T-helper cells, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells were not significantly affected by taVNS. In conclusion, the higher plasma cortisol levels following taVNS together with the higher number of circulatory monocytes and lower number of B cells suggest that taVNS elicits anti-inflammatory actions through activation of the HPA axis, because it is known that cortisol increases circulatory monocytes and reduces B cells. The decrease in B cells following taVNS gives rise to the intriguing hypothesis that taVNS may prevent secondary treatment failure to biologic drugs in chronic inflammatory conditions by reducing production of anti-drug antibodies. Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the American Osteopathic Association (Grant No.: 19137759). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2023 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.