Abstract
An experimental and analytical study on the performance of carbon dioxide heat pumps for water heating was conducted. The performance of compact, microchannel, water-coupled gas coolers, evaporator, and suction line heat exchanger (SLHX) were evaluated in an experimental facility. Analytical heat exchanger models accounting for the flow orientation and changing CO 2 thermophysical properties were developed and validated with data. Heat transfer coefficients were predicted with correlations available in the literature and local heat duty calculated using the effectiveness-NTU approach. The gas cooler, evaporator, and SLHX models predicted measured heat duties with an absolute average error of 5.5%, 1.3%, and 3.9%, respectively. Compressor isentropic and volumetric efficiency values were found to range from 56% to 67% and 62%–82%, respectively. Empirical models for compressor efficiency and power were developed from the data. The resulting component models are implemented in a system model in a companion paper (Part II).
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