Abstract
Nonylphenol (NP) is a bioaccumulative environmental estrogen that is widely used as a nonionic surfactant. We have previously examined short-term effects of NP on yeast cells using microarray technology. In the present study, we investigated the adaptive response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742 cells to NP exposure by analyzing genome-wide transcriptional profiles using RNA-sequencing. We used 2 mg/L NP concentration for 40 days of exposure. Gene expression analysis showed that a total of 948 genes were differentially expressed. Of these, 834 genes were downregulated, while 114 genes were significantly upregulated. GO enrichment analysis revealed that 369 GO terms were significantly affected by NP exposure. Further analysis showed that many of the differentially expressed genes were associated with oxidative phosphorylation, iron and copper acquisition, autophagy, pleiotropic drug resistance and cell cycle progression related processes such as DNA and mismatch repair, chromosome segregation, spindle checkpoint activity, and kinetochore organization. Overall, these results provide considerable information and a comprehensive understanding of the adaptive response to NP exposure at the gene expression level.
Highlights
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are cost-effective non-ionic surfactants that are widely used in household, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications
Cells exposed to 2 mg/L NP showed an inhibition in the growth at the earlier growth cycles, they adapted to the treatment and had a similar growth pattern as control (Figs. 1D and 1E)
The growth was analyzed by measuring optical density at 600 nm which showed that 2 mg/L NP resulted in a distinct growth pattern compared with other doses and control (Fig. 1)
Summary
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are cost-effective non-ionic surfactants that are widely used in household, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. It is used as detergents, emulsifiers, demulsifiers, solubilizers, antistatic agents, wetting and dispersing agents, cosmetics, plastics and paints (De la Parra-Guerra & Olivero-Verbel, 2020; Li, Jin & Snyder, 2018; Noorimotlagh et al, 2018; Soares et al, 2008). NPEs are readily biodegradable due to the presence of ethoxy groups. The stepwise loss of these groups during the degradation process leads to the formation of nonylphenol (NP) (De Bruin et al, 2019; Li, Jin & Snyder, 2018). NP has high hydrophobicity and lipophilic characteristics (log Kow between 3.8 and 4.8) with lower solubility and mobility
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
