Abstract
The common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seed is an ideal plant-based protein food for humans, but its edible value is mainly limited by the presence of cyanogenic glycosides that hydrolyze to produce toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the genes that regulate HCN synthesis in common vetch are unknown. In this study, seeds from common vetch at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 days after anthesis were sampled, and the seven stages were further divided into five developmental stages, S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, based on morphological and transcriptome analyses. A total of 16,403 differentially expressed genes were identified in the five developmental stages. The HCN contents of seeds in these five stages were determined by alkaline titration, and weighted gene coexpression network analysis was used to explain the molecular regulatory mechanism of HCN synthesis in common vetch seeds. Eighteen key regulatory genes for HCN synthesis were identified, including the VsGT2, VsGT17 and CYP71A genes, as well as the VsGT1 gene family. VsGT1, VsGT2, VsGT17 and CYP71A jointly promoted HCN synthesis, from 5 to 25 days after anthesis, with VsGT1-1, VsGT1-4, VsGT1-11 and VsGT1-14 playing major roles. The HCN synthesis was mainly regulated by VsGT1, from 25 to 35 days after anthesis. As the expression level of VsGT1 decreased, the HCN content no longer increased. In-depth elucidation of seed HCN synthesis lays the foundations for breeding common vetch with low HCN content.
Highlights
Introduction iationsThe global demand for protein is predicted to increase by 50% by 2050 [1,2]
The seed size and weight gradually decreased and tended to be stable as the seed matured after 25 days after anthesis (DAA) (Figure 1A,B,D)
The germination rate was the highest at 25 DAA, decreased gradually, and became stable after 30 DAA, indicating that hard seeds appeared with the development and maturity of the seed coat (Figure 1C) between 25 and 35 DAA
Summary
The global demand for protein is predicted to increase by 50% by 2050 [1,2]. As the global population increases, the demand for protein from animal sources has grown. With the expansion of livestock farming, overgrazing has contributed to a reduction in terrestrial biodiversity and increased greenhouse gas emissions, climate change and global warming [1]. To meet the increasing protein demand and to protect the ecosystem, more sustainable protein foods are needed to partially replace animal sources of protein. Inexpensive plant proteins, such as legume seeds, can address the shortage of protein supply and are environmentally friendly, making them ideal for developing countries with rapidly growing populations [3].
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