Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess putative differences in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and associated clinical/paraclinical variables between relapsing remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. We examined 60 relapse-free MS patients and 35 healthy controls by means of transbulbar B-mode sonography (TBS). Expanded disability status scale (EDSS) values were from 3 to 4 indicated patients with a transitional RR to SP phenotype. Mean ONSD was significantly lower in MS patients. Mean ONSD measured at 5 mm from the eyeball (ONSD5) was significantly lower in SP than in RR patients, while ONSD measured at 3 mm from the eyeball (ONSD3) was statistically higher in RR than in the transitional group. The myelination index (MI), i.e., the ratio of ONSD3 to ONSD5, was used to assess the relative myelination of the optic nerve (ON). Higher ONSD5 and MI (0.90) corresponded to patients with the RR phenotype having a mean EDSS of 2.0; lower MI (0.84) clustered the transitional patients having a mean EDSS of 3.7. Finally, lower MI with low ONSD3 identified the SP phenotype having a mean EDSS ≥ 4.0. The TBS in MS highlights chronic optic neuropathy, caused by early subclinical axonal loss and demyelination.
Highlights
Transbulbar B-mode sonography (TBS) has recently been standardized with reference to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the reproducible and accurate study of the optic nerve (ON) in healthy controls and diseased subjects [1,2]
Chronic ON atrophy has been demonstrated in unselected multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has been correlated with neurological impairment detected by the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) [8]
No statistical difference was found between the mean age of all MS patients (41.4 y; SD 2.5) and healthy controls (40.2 y; SD 1.78)
Summary
Transbulbar B-mode sonography (TBS) has recently been standardized with reference to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the reproducible and accurate study of the optic nerve (ON) in healthy controls and diseased subjects [1,2]. Ultrasound imaging studies have identified a number of new pathological elements regarding other cranial nerves and peripheral trunks in many diseases, from optic neuritis and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) [3,4] to chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) [5]. Sci. 2018, 8, 2177 findings showed that TBS was suitable for the study of the ON and its chronic and subclinical involvement in disease in form of ON atrophy, regardless of the degree of acute retrobulbar optic neuritis (ARON), which it described [6,7]. The ON has never been studied selectively in the relapsing remitting (RR) and secondary progressive (SP)
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