Transboundary movement of genetically modified organisms in India: Current scenario and a decision support system

Abstract

Genetically modified (GM) crops have benefited global agriculture by introduction of superior traits for better agronomic performance, ensuring nutritional security and mitigating climate change. In India, to meet the demand of burgeoning population and to withstand the changing climate, GM crops would play an important role. Since 1997, GM crops are being imported through Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, the designated nodal organization for quarantine processing and import of GMOs (referred to GM planting material in present context) for research purposes. In the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze the trend of import of GMOs. Till the end of 2015, 205 consignments of fifteen GM crops have been imported from 19 countries by public and private sector. Detailed analysis of diversity in traits of imported GM events and imported stacked traits in cotton and maize has been made. In the recent past, four consignments of GMOs have been exported for research purposes. Involvement of public/private sector in transboundary movement of GMOs was evaluated. Along with quarantine processing of imported/exported GMOs, molecular testing for specific transgenic elements as claimed by the importer/exporter is also carried out employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR based markers. Efficient detection strategies based on GMO matrix as a decision support system, loop-mediated isothermal amplification and multi-target real-time PCR-based systems have been developed. The data presented herein would provide a decision support system to check for authorized/unauthorized GMOs in food and supply chain.