Abstract
This article presents a case study of distributed generation and flexibility potential for a multienergy system in an urban district in Singapore. The analysis incorporates real-life data of a local energy system consisting of flexible loads (i.e., district cooling demand from air-conditioned buildings) and distributed generators (DGs) (i.e., waste-to-energy (W2E) generators and photovoltaic (PV) generators) from a representative study area. The demand-side flexibility (DSF) potentials from air-conditioned buildings are derived based on a state-space model and its underlying base load estimation. Besides the conventional consideration of PV system integration in the urban environment, we conducted a feasibility study of the distributed W2E technology deployment and estimated the generation potentials for the study area. Furthermore, to facilitate flexibility and energy exchange, market frameworks are proposed to harvest energy and flexibility from distributed energy resources (DERs) and in the real-time market context in Singapore.
Highlights
With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as flexible loads (FLs) and distributed generators (DGs), into the electric distribution grid, power systems are slowly transforming into multiple-layered, cyber-physical systems
We focus on the development of a holistic case study for demand-side flexibility (DSF) and distributed generation at the district level to enable the assessment of a transactive energy framework and its potential to mitigate operational challenges in the electric distribution grid
The chosen charger assignment algorithm does not take into account “charger hogging,” i.e., chargers being occupied by fully charged EVs without being removed
Summary
With the increasing integration of distributed energy resources (DERs), such as flexible loads (FLs) and distributed generators (DGs), into the electric distribution grid, power systems are slowly transforming into multiple-layered, cyber-physical systems. The electric industry is transitioning from the traditional vertical structure of deterministic centralized production and operations into a more horizontal structure that is increasingly variable and distributed in terms of productions and operations.” This trend and its underlying new business and regulation models are still emerging. In this scope, the transactive energy paradigm has been proposed for power systems as a system of economic and control mechanisms to allow the dynamic balance of supply and demand (Lezama et al, 2019) across the entire electrical infrastructure using value as a key operational parameter (Melton, 2013). This does guarantee the integration of renewable energy in a cost-efficient
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