Abstract
Tramadol is used worldwide and is listed in many medical guidelines to treat both acute and chronic pain. There is growing evidence of abuse of tramadol in some African and West Asian countries. Tramadol has some side effects. The present study was designed a follow-up and treatment of the cell biological, histochemical and Pathological response which might be induced in the ileum of tramadol application. A total number of 70 adult males Swiss albino mice were obtained and survived during experiments from/in (Autoradiographic lab. of Cell Biology and Immunology studies, Faculty of Science, South Valley University), under supervision Dr. Abdel-baset Aref Mohamed. At the time of the experiments, the mice were aged 90 ± 5 days and weighed 30 ± 2 g. All male mice were kept under the same conditions of light-dark cycle (12h-12h), temperature (23 ± 2oc), and humidity (37-40%). They were supplied standard food and water ad libitum. The daily injections of tramadol for 20 reach to 40 days highly changed the volume of nuclei and protein, RNA and DNA materials contained in the cells lining ileum, therefore, extensively and severely destructions showed in the normal histological architecture of ileum of male mice. Finally, we could say, Although, tramadol has many cytological, histochemical and histopathological, side effects on ileum of male mice but the treatments with Lagenaria siceraria and melatonin have a more effective therapeutic effect on tramadol side effects.
Highlights
The opioid is considered first-line treatment for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe pain (Holden et al, 2005)
Oxygen-free radicals produced from tramadol have shown to induce DNA breaks and DNA damage
The appearance or disappearance of protein fraction in the present study may be attributed to this damage or may be explained by the report of Bedwell et al (1989), who claimed that the free radicals promote sulfhydral mediated cross-linking of the labile amino acids such as methionine, histidine, cysteine and lysine causing a fragmentation of polypeptide chains in the protein molecule
Summary
The opioid is considered first-line treatment for hospitalized patients with moderate to severe pain (Holden et al, 2005). They are currently the most effective pain-relieving pharmaceuticals. Opioids are the most potent and effective analgesics available and became accepted as appropriate treatment for acute, cancer and noncancer chronic pain (Collet, 2001). They are rewarding and their repeated use can lead to dependence and addiction.
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