Abstract
Traffic can alter forest road aggregate material in various ways, such as by crushing, mixing it with subgrade material, and sweeping large-size, loose particles (gravel) toward the outside of the road. Understanding the changes and physical processes of the aggregate is essential to mitigate sediment production from forest roads and reduce road maintenance efforts. We compared the particle-size distributions of forest road aggregate from the Clearwater National Forest in Idaho, USA in three vertical layers (upper, middle, and bottom of the road aggregate), three horizontal locations (tire track, shoulder, and half-way between them), and three traffic uses (none, light (no logging vehicles), and heavy (logging vehicles and equipment)) using Tukey’s multiple comparison test. Light traffic appears to cause aggregate crushing where vehicle tires passed and caused sweeping on the road surface. Heavy traffic caused aggregate crushing at all vertical and horizontal locations, and subgrade mixing with the bottom layer at the shoulder location. Logging vehicles and heavy equipment with wide axles drove on the shoulder and exerted enough stress to cause subgrade mixing. These results can help identify the sediment source and define adequate mitigation measures to reduce sediment production from forest roads and reduce road maintenance efforts by providing information for best management practices.
Highlights
Aggregate is one of the most common surfacing materials used on low volume forest roads [1,2]
The particle-size distribution (PSD) from the collected aggregate were compared and analyzed with respect to different vertical layers and horizontal locations with the same level of traffic use and different traffic uses at the same cross-sectional location
Subgrade mixing might have occurred at bottom layer at shoulder location (B-S)-H, because the PSD here was finer than the rest of the PSDs on H and the location of subgrade mixing (B-S-H) was the bottom layer (Table 4)
Summary
Aggregate (crushed rock) is one of the most common surfacing materials used on low volume forest roads [1,2]. It reduces both wheel load stress to the subgrade material and maintenance costs, and provides better driving comfort than native-surface roads [3]. It helps reduce sediment production from forest roads [4,5,6]. Road aggregate deteriorates due to traffic, weather, and material properties [7], and, as a consequence, increased sedimentation occurs. It is important to understand how forest road traffic changes aggregate properties and movement (i.e., traffic-induced processes that change forest road aggregate)
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