Traditional Gender Roles Enacted by Men and Women in Azerbaijani Cinema

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between fathers’ involvement and maternal gatekeeping, gate-opening, and traditional paternal gender roles, as well as to evaluate fathers’ involvement as a mediating role in the relationship between maternal gate-opening, gatekeeping, traditional paternal gender roles, paternal competence, and marital satisfaction. Turkish fathers (N = 239) with a child aged 2–6 years were included in the study. They assessed maternal gatekeeping and gate-opening, their traditional gender roles, parenting competence, and marital satisfaction. Results indicated that fathers’ involvement is positively related to maternal gate-opening and negatively associated with traditional paternal gender roles; in addition, fathers’ involvement has a mediatory role between maternal gate-opening, traditional paternal gender roles and paternal competence and marital satisfaction. The results suggest that fathers who are involved in their children’s lives are more competent and have higher marital satisfaction.

While traditional gender roles have been examined in the context of online communication, less is known about the implications of encountering counter-traditional gender roles (e.g., depicting men as caring and women as independent) on social media. We investigated participants’ perceived gender identity threat upon exposure to traditional versus counter-traditional gender role jokes that targeted either men or women. An online experiment (N = 265) using a 2 (content: traditional versus counter-traditional gender roles) by 2 (joke’s target gender: men versus women) by 2 (participant’s gender: man versus woman) mixed design demonstrated that overall, jokes targeting women elicited greater identity threat and women perceived greater identity threat than men. Moreover, the three-way interactions showed that women, in particular, perceived greater identity threat from traditional gender role jokes targeting women. The current study highlights the damaging role of the spread of traditional gender roles through humor, particularly for women’s gender identities.

Exploring the associations between intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy and delayed entry into prenatal care: Evidence from a population-based study in Bangladesh

The results of a survey administered to 806 undergraduate students serve as the basis for analyzing the relationships among traditional gender roles, same-sex intimacy, and homophobia. High levels of homophobia and low levels of intimacy were found among those who believe strongly in the traditional roles. Previous research has shown both homophobia and a lack of intimacy to be harmful to individuals and for society. The present findings may, therefore, constitute empirical evidence of the negative effects of gender roles. Sex differences found in the survey results also support this contention. A general model of the consequences of traditional gender role beliefs for those who hold these views is also speculated.

The unfair gender roles under patriarchal system are constructed to preserve gender inequality between men and women. Gender role practices extend gradually to maintain the male hegemony to make women powerless because female traditional gender roles (femininities) create dependency to men. Men are assigned to masculinities equipped with power, whereas women are ascribed to femininities to set boundaries that limit their movement. Yet, the increase of female awareness of gender equality has changed this situation. Gender roles are gradually shifting from traditional to modern as the opportunities to receive education and job open widely to develop women's roles that enable them to give financial contribution to the family. This study was purposed to analyze the shift in gender roles in 'The Joy Luck Club' and 'The Kite Runner'. This study used qualitative design in which Chinese traditional gender roles were described using Confucian perspective, whereas Afghan traditional gender roles were exposed in Islamic perspective. Moreover, Karl Marx's conflict theory was used to analyze the shift in gender roles in both novels. The results of study found that the construction of traditional gender roles in both China and Afghanistan was influenced mostly by patriarchy which perceives men as more superior than women. However, the dynamic changes of gender roles, especially femininities, supported by the increase of female education and occupation provide women with more power to achieve development. Further studies are encouraged to analyze other gender roles which have not discussed in this study.

Contradiction among Essentialism: How Some Mormon Fundamentalists Do Gender

This research delves into the intricate interplay between gender roles and relationship satisfaction within romantic partnerships, with a nuanced exploration of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny. Drawing upon a comprehensive review of literature, including seminal studies such as those by Spitzberg and Cupach (2019), Bem (1993), Thompson and Pleck (1986), and Bem (1974), the study aims to elucidate the association between traditional gender roles and relationship contentment, while considering the emergence of androgynous traits in contemporary relationships. Synthesizing findings from these seminal works, the research endeavors to highlight how adherence to traditional sex roles, defined by societal expectations of masculinity and femininity, may influence the level of satisfaction experienced within romantic relationships. Spitzberg and Cupach's (2019) study explores the influence of traditional gender roles on relationship satisfaction, suggesting that adherence to stereotypical masculine and feminine roles can contribute to conflict and dissatisfaction within partnerships. Building upon this, Bem (1993) proposes the concept of androgyny as an alternative to traditional gender roles, suggesting that individuals who possess a blend of both masculine and feminine traits may experience greater relationship satisfaction and flexibility. Thompson and Pleck (1986) further examine the concept of androgyny, emphasizing its potential to enhance intimacy and communication within romantic relationships by transcending rigid gender stereotypes. Moreover, Bem (1974) introduced the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), a widely used measure for assessing individuals' gender roles, which has been instrumental in understanding the complexities of gender identity and its impact on relationship dynamics. By integrating insights from these diverse scholarly sources, the research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of how gender roles intersect with relationship satisfaction, offering valuable implications for couples, therapists, and policymakers. Additionally, the study explores the implications of masculinity, femininity, and androgyny on various aspects of relationship satisfaction, including communication, intimacy, and conflict resolution. Through an analysis of empirical research, the study aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which adherence to traditional gender roles or the adoption of androgynous traits may shape relationship dynamics and contentment. Furthermore, the research considers contextual factors such as cultural norms, socioeconomic status, and relationship duration, which may moderate the association between gender roles and relationship satisfaction. Ultimately, this study seeks to shed light on the evolving nature of romantic relationships in contemporary society, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and accommodating a spectrum of gender expressions for fostering healthier and more fulfilling partnerships. By acknowledging the complexities of gender identity and its impact on relationship dynamics, the research aims to inform interventions and policies aimed at promoting relationship satisfaction and well-being across diverse populations.

An empirical test of a mediation model of the impact of the traditional male gender role on suicidal behavior in men

Participation in elections is essential for the health of democracies. Regardless of gender, individuals may hold traditional beliefs about women's roles in society that hinder their engagements in areas that challenge gender stereotypes, such as political participation. In this study, we examined how gender and beliefs about gender roles influence voting participation, while accounting for various ideological and demographic factors. We also explored how structural gender inequality, as measured by the country-level Gender Inequality Index, is reflected in voting at the individual level. Data were collected in a cross-country study ( N = 19,297 participants, 51.2% women, mean age = 41.3, SD = 14.76) from 18 countries. We employed an innovative method, Multi-Group Factor Analysis Alignment, to address cross-country measurement invariance of the Traditional Gender Roles scale—a key construct in this study. Results from multi-level modeling revealed significant main effects of gender and beliefs about traditional gender roles, but no significant interaction between them. Citizens who endorse traditional gender roles were less likely to vote, regardless of their gender. This effect was more pronounced in societies with low to moderate levels of structural gender inequality. In contrast, in countries with pervasive gender inequality, voting was not associated with individual beliefs about gender roles. These findings highlight the importance for policymakers to address the detrimental effects of structural gender inequality and traditional gender roles in society, that can hinder citizens participation in voting.

Sitcom has been worldwide famous since the 1950s. Friends is one of the most well-known sitcoms, telling the story of friends who lived in New York City during their youth. I will analyze gender roles issues in Friends. In this study, I will analyze how the six main characters adopt traditional gender roles and how the six main characters eventually challenge them. I use several theories, such as traits of traditional gender roles, theory of gender roles orientation, and theory of egalitarianism. My analysis demonstrates that each of the six main characters adopted at least one trait of traditional gender roles at the beginning of the series. The traits they adopted will be categorized by their personal attitude, social behavior, value, self-concept, and career choice. By the end of the series, the six main characters had eventually challenged traditional gender roles and adopted more to the Egalitarianism theory.

Background/Context Explanations for the relatively low numbers of Latinas pursuing higher education have tended to focus on socialization into traditional gender roles. However, recent scholarship has challenged this view, suggesting that gender roles—partic-ularly among recent immigrants—are mutable and subject to constant renegotiation. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This article suggests that forgoing college, far from representing a retreat into traditional women's roles, might in some cases represent emergent feminism and a means for Latina immigrants to contest and reshape those roles. Setting A new Latino diaspora community in the rural southeastern United States. Research Design Longitudinal qualitative case study of an adolescent immigrant Latina. Findings/Results Both risk factors and facilitative factors previously identified by research as contributing to Latino/a college enrollment were found to be present in the case study student's background. The article argues, however, that some gender-specific factors often used to explain Latina school-leaving and low academic ambitions, such as close association with teenage mothers and responsibilities for household chores and child care, served instead as deterrents for this Latina adolescent from taking traditional gender roles. On the other hand, the article argues that the association between higher education and increased independence and a break from traditional gender roles that is often assumed for American-born women did not hold for a working-class Latina. Rather, her wage-earning represented a better position from which to challenge traditional gender roles within her family. Conclusions/Recommendations This case study confirms the heterogeneity and diversity to be found in the individual schooling paths of Latino/a immigrant youth, and thus the value of close examination of the protracted and as yet little understood process through which Latinas/os make the decision to pursue or forgo higher education over the course of high school. The article lends support to arguments in recent scholarship suggesting the mutability of gender roles in immigrant communities. It suggests that new attention be paid in research and college recruitment programs to growing evidence of gender-specific factors at work in Latino/a immigrant students’ academic achievement and college-going decisions.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between traditional gender roles and the frequency of sexual intimacy within romantic relationships, considering sexual desire and societal norms and expectations. The study was conducted among a convenience sample of men and women in Israel. The survey included measures of sociodemographic information, traditional gender roles, sexual desire, perceived partner’s sexual desire, and frequency of engaging in sex. Findings suggest that men who embraced less traditional gender roles exhibit a greater synchronization between their own sexual desire and their perceived partner’s sexual desire, whereas women who embraced more traditional gender roles tend to rely more on their partners’ sexual desire in their frequency of sex. These results imply that men’s sexual desire plays a significant role in determining the frequency of sexual activity in romantic relationships, especially in relationships where traditional gender roles are more strongly embraced. Findings from the current study underscore the idea that the decision to engage in intimate acts may not solely hinge on individual sexual desire; rather, it operates within a broader context influenced by societal and cultural expectations. It is important to challenge societal norms to promote more balanced and equitable sexual dynamics in committed relationships.

Movement toward gender equality has occurred worldwide for the past century; nevertheless, some people still strongly endorse traditional gender norms. We investigated the associations of societal characteristics (gross domestic product [GDP] per capita and the gender empowerment measure) and cultural characteristics, including Hofstede’s, Schwartz’s, and Welzel’s scores (hierarchy vs. egalitarianism, person vs. social focus, mastery vs. harmony, long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity–femininity), with support for traditional household gender roles. To reveal advantageous or disadvantageous conditions for support for traditional household gender roles, we conducted a secondary data analysis with representative samples ( n = 59,713) of 41 societies collected by the International Social Survey Program. According to the multilevel modeling analysis, individuals have lower endorsement of traditional household gender roles in societies that value mastery and enjoy economic development (i.e., GDP per capita), gender equality (measured by the gender empowerment measure), and personal focus. Contrarily, individuals have higher endorsement of traditional household gender roles in societies where hierarchy, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and masculine characteristics are valued. Individual characteristics (women, work experience, education, big-city experience, and younger generations) also predict lower support for traditional household gender roles. In addition, gender differences in traditional household gender roles are larger in societies with greater economic development and personal focus and lower emphasis on hierarchy and long-term orientation. Finally, the national means of traditional household gender roles predict concurrent social movement activities and gender equality at a later time. Potential mechanisms are further discussed.

Gender roles in household decision making refer to the traditional division of responsibilities and decision-making power between men and women within a family or household. Historically, many societies have adhered to traditional gender roles, where men are often considered the primary decision-makers, particularly in matters related to finances and major family decisions. Women, on the other hand, have often been assigned the roles of managing the household, taking care of children, and dealing with domestic matters. However, it's important to recognize that gender roles are not fixed and vary significantly across cultures, regions, and individual households. Moreover, over time, many societies have witnessed a shift in traditional gender roles, with more emphasis on gender equality and shared decision making. The main purpose of this research was to understand the perception of people regarding the evolvement of gender roles in any household decision making. A Descriptive Cross Sectional study method was used. Altogether, 40 respondents were selected through purposive sampling method, questionnaires, Face to face interview, Informal focused group discussion; Key informant interview method was used using Structured Questionnaire to collect data from respondents. Data analysis was done through MS Excel. It is revealed from the research Gender roles in household decision making refer to the traditional division of responsibilities and decision-making power between men and women within a family or household. Historically, many societies have adhered to traditional gender roles, where men are often considered the primary decision-makers, particularly in matters related to finances and major family decisions. Women, on the other hand, have often been assigned the roles of managing the household, taking care of children, and dealing with domestic matters. However, it's important to recognize that gender roles are not fixed and vary significantly across cultures, regions, and individual households. Moreover, over time, many societies have witnessed a shift in traditional gender roles, with more emphasis on gender equality and shared decision making

The subject of this research is feminine gender roles in Kristina Sabaliauskaitė’s Silva rerum and Kerstin Thorvall’s The Story of Signe. The aim of the thesis is to identify the most common traditional and non-traditional gender roles of women in historical literary narratives by two women writers. The study identifies six gender roles of women: four traditional (mother and wife, daughter and care-giver/housewife), and two non-traditional (adventurer and competitor). The research shows that in historical literary narratives, despite the space-time of the novels, the main semantic axis remains the traditional gender roles of women. The failure to fulfil traditional gender roles determines the emergence of non-traditional gender roles, and a negative impact on the state of women in the novels.