Abstract
Applications, advantages, and limitations of the traditional external standard calibration, matrix-matched calibration, internal standardization, and standard additions, as well as the non-traditional interference standard method, standard dilution analysis, multi-isotope calibration, and multispecies calibration methods are discussed.
Highlights
Instrumental spectrochemical methods are widely used in trace element analysis of all types of samples, and different calibration strategies such as external standard calibration (EC), matrix-matched calibration (MMC), internal standardization (IS), and standard additions (SA) are employed to overcome matrix effects and improve accuracy and precision
The use of Pd/Mg(NO3)2 as chemical modifier for Cd, and an additional air-assisted pyrolysis step allowed the use of aqueous standard solutions for calibration of all analytes (Cd, Ni, and V)
The ideal calibration method is cost-effective, simple, widely applicable, and capable of correcting for spectral and nonspectral interferences, which results in significant improvements in precision, accuracy and sample throughput
Summary
Instrumental spectrochemical methods are widely used in trace element analysis of all types of samples, and different calibration strategies such as external standard calibration (EC), matrix-matched calibration (MMC), internal standardization (IS), and standard additions (SA) are employed to overcome matrix effects and improve accuracy and precision These traditional calibration methods are closely associated with several of the most commonly used spectroanalytical methods, as discussed here. In inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES), non-spectral interferences can be related to transport effects during sample introduction, and plasma effects such as those caused by high concentrations of either carbon or -ionized elements. A simpler and cost-effective alternative to correct for interfering effects in both ICP OES and ICP-MS is the use of special strategies for calibration
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