Tracing the Physical Evidence of Memory

Traditional forensic investigations of vehicles aims at gathering physical evidence since most crimes involving vehicles are physical. However, in the near future digital crimes on vehicles will most likely surge, and therefore it will be necessary to also gather digital evidence. In this paper, we investigate the possibilities of combining physical and digital evidence in forensic investigations of vehicle crime scenes. We show that digital evidence can be used to improve the investigation of physical crimes and, respectively, that physical evidence can be used to improve the investigation of digital crimes. We also recognize that by gathering purely physical or digital evidence certain crimes cannot be solved. Finally, we show that by combining physical and digital evidence it is possible to distinguish between different types of physical and digital crime.

Chapter 11 - Evidence

The perception of evidence is a fundamental component of the criminal justice process, where physical evidence (measurable forensic traces such as DNA, CCTV, or fingerprints) and testimonial evidence (account evidence originated from any person such as eyewitness statements or confessions) are weighed to determine legal outcomes. This study examines the perceived reliability of these evidence types across four distinct groups within South Korea’s criminal justice system: police investigators, laypeople, detained suspects, and prisoners. Utilising survey data of 271 participants, perceptions of 11 evidence types were analysed using linear mixed effects (LME) modelling and one-way ANOVA. Findings revealed that physical evidence was consistently rated as more credible than testimonial evidence across all the groups, with DNA, CCTV, and fingerprints receiving the highest reliability scores. However, significant group differences emerged: police investigators rated physical evidence significantly higher in credibility compared to laypeople, detained suspects, and prisoners. Additionally, increased investigative experience among police investigators was associated with heightened scepticism towards testimonial evidence, specifically eyewitness accounts. The study contributes to the limited literature on evidence perception in non-Western contexts and underscores the importance of addressing trends in evidence evaluation to ensure judicial integrity.

Until now, supportive evidence for alibis has been conceptualised into two distinct types: witness and physical evidence. The present study examined whether knowledge, as a third type of supportive evidence, can contribute to the understanding of evidence for alibis. Three experiments were conducted in which police detectives, laypersons and undergraduate students were asked to evaluate four alibis with witness, physical or knowledge supportive evidence, or with no supportive evidence. The results from the three experiments show that knowledge evidence is equally believable as strong witness evidence. We also found that not all items of strong physical evidence are evaluated as equally strong and believable. We therefore suggest adjusting the criteria to determine the strength of physical evidence and conducting more research on knowledge evidence.

With the advent of Information and Communication Technologies, the means of committing a crime and the crime itself are constantly evolved. In addition, the boundaries between traditional crime and cybercrime are vague: a crime may not have a defined traditional or digital form since digital and physical evidence may coexist in a crime scene. Furthermore, various items found in a crime scene may worth be examined as both physical and digital evidence, which the authors consider as hybrid evidence. In this paper, a model for investigating such crime scenes with hybrid evidence is proposed. Their model unifies the procedures related to digital and physical evidence collection and examination, taking into consideration the unique characteristics of each form of evidence. The authors’ model can also be implemented in cases where only digital or physical evidence exist in a crime scene.

On the origin of matter in the Universe

We combine all the available experimental information on Bs mixing, including the very recent tagged analyses of Bs → J/Ψφ by the CDF and DØ collaborations. We find that the phase of the Bs mixing amplitude deviates more than 3σ from the Standard Model prediction. While no single measurement has a 3σ significance yet, all the constraints show a remarkable agreement with the combined result. This is a first evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model. This result disfavours New Physics models with Minimal Flavour Violation with the same significance.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the service marketing mix which includes product, price, place and promotion, process, people, and physical evidence on customer satisfaction. . The purpose of this study is expected to be able to overcome problems regarding the marketing mix of services which include product (product), price (price), place (place) and promotion (promotion), process (process), people (people), and physical evidence (physical evidence). its effect on customer satisfaction. The research method with a sample of 96 customers, questionnaire data collection techniques and documentation and analysis techniques with multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the study, the multiple linear regression equations are: Y = 4.200 + 0.359X1 + 0.433X2 + 0.261 X3 + 0.321X4 + 0.274X5 + 0.353X6 + 0.345X7. This means that product, price, place, promotion, process, people and physical evidence variables have a positive effect on customer satisfaction and the price dimension has a greater influence on customer satisfaction compared to product, people, physical evidence, process, promotion and place dimensions. The results of the F test show that the variables of product, price, place, promotion, process, people and physical evidence have a simultaneous and significant effect on customer satisfaction, this can be seen from the Fcount which is 25,047 then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The results of the t-test, show that the variables of product, price, place, promotion, process, people and physical evidence have a partial and significant effect on customer satisfaction, then H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The value of the determinant coefficient (R Square) = 0.669 means that customer satisfaction can be explained by the service marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, process, people and physical evidence) of 66.9% while 33.1% is explained by other factors that not described in this study such as safety and convenience.
 o increase customer satisfaction at BPR Pijer Podi Kekelengen Medan, it is better to make adjustments to those offered by competitors so that they continue to exist in the future

Computer crime has 2 types of evidence, namely: physical evidence and digital evidence. Storage on physical evidence requires a special space that can hold physical evidence. However, a system that can store and manage physical evidence is needed.The current problem is the absence of a concept of storing physical evidence and its documentation (Chain of Custody). Management of Physical Evidence is proposed as a solution to solve the problem. This concept is in the form of a Physical Evidence Management System and Chain of Custody by taking the analogy of a Data Inventory. Problems with Physical Evidence Management require a Management System for Physical Evidence that is suitable for use in the UII Digital Forensics Laboratory. This research has successfully implemented the concept of Data Inventory. It is expected that with the concept of Physical Evidence Management the control of physical evidence and all activities related to it can be maintained and documented properly.

The article includes the compilation of materials in reference to crime laboratories on the state level in the United States. Of particular focus were (1) services rendered, (2) caseloads, (3) the percent of services rendered other state, county and municipal divisions of government, (4) composits of criminalistic administrators, (5) descriptions of the credentials of the workers in the laboratories as well as their correlative specialties, (6) work of “auxilliary” or annex laboratories, (7) training levels of crime scene technologists, (8) the instruments available in responding laboratories, and (9) the research level of state Laboratories. The forensic scientist carries a heavy burden in the court approved truth-seeking process. He must be personable, a good communicator, and possess excellent academic, training, and experience credentials. He must know what physical evidence is, how to collect and preserve it, how to obtain the information it carries and how to interpret the information it carries. There are several inherent truisms in physical evidence evaluation. Phisical evidence is factual evidence. Physical evidence can not be wrong. Physical evidence can never be entirely absent from a crime scene. Physical evidence cannot perjure itself. The dilemma involved in the analysis, comparison and evaluation of the physical evidence involves the potential for error in interpreting the evidence. When the investigation is not in “balance” according to creditable witnesses, the physical evidence should be meticulously examined. There is a tremendous, perhaps unparalleled, opportunity to give misinformation, especially since the national medias have “enhanced” the weight of scientific testimony through mystery shows and police stories. The research involved in this project included the data relative to the technicians, the forensic scientists, the laboratories, and the instruments used in these facilities. The “state of the arts” is described in a meaningful way in order that scientists, scholars, and legalists alike may know more about the present state of “jurisprudential science.”

Physical evidence, branding, and behavior intention: Differential policy in integrated resorts marketing

Murobahah financing is one of the superior programs offered in the KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun to help the community's economy. In marketing of Murobahah financing product, KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun applies a marketing mix strategy, especially to increase the interest of members in choosing the financing product. This study aims to determine the effect of partially and simultaneously the marketing mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence and process on the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun. The population in this study were all members of the Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun from January 2020 to August 2021, totaling 224 people. The sample were 25% of the population, amounting to 56 people. Sampling using proportional random sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, the coefficient of determination analysis, and hypothesis testing using the t test and F test. The results of the study are: 1) Marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, process ) partially affects the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun, 2) Marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, process) simultaneously affects the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun
 Murobahah financing is one of the superior programs offered in the KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun to help the community's economy. In marketing of Murobahah financing product, KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun applies a marketing mix strategy, especially to increase the interest of members in choosing the financing product. This study aims to determine the effect of partially and simultaneously the marketing mix which includes product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence and process on the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun. The population in this study were all members of the Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun from January 2020 to August 2021, totaling 224 people. The sample were 25% of the population, amounting to 56 people. Sampling using proportional random sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire. The data analysis technique used the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, the coefficient of determination analysis, and hypothesis testing using the t test and F test. The results of the study are: 1) Marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, process ) partially affects the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun, 2) Marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, process) simultaneously affects the interest of members in choosing Murobahah financing at KJKS Kopermas Sawahan Madiun

This study aims to determine the responses of members and the influence of physical evidence and process for loyalty members in the Koperasi Pondok Pesantren Baetur Rahman Kabupaten Bogor and the object of this research is a member of the Cooperative of 100 members sampled. The method used is verification, Validity, Reliability Test, using multiple regression analysts, analysis of correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination (R2) were subsequently tested by the F test and t test. Based on the recapitulation of respondents to the physical evidence is quite agree, disagree and loyalty process that members do not agree. The multiple regression analysis of the F test states that the simultaneous physical evidence and process and partial t test physical evidence and process real and positive impact on loyalty members of Koperasi Pondok Pesantren Baetur Rahman Kabupaten Bogor, of the product moment correlation analysis states that the existence of a strong relationship between physical evidence, process with loyalty members, determination of the results of the analysis states that 60.2% of the contribution of physical evidence and process the loyalty of members and of the results of the t test states that the physical evidence and partially process significantly affect the loyalty members of Koperasi Pondok Pesantren Baetur Rahman Kabupaten Bogor. Keywords: Physical evidence, process, loyalty members

Handling physical evidence is one of the criminal procedural activities, conducted by state bodies, during the process to resolve criminal cases. This activity requires the objectivity and fairness in the process of handling crimes, and the protection of legitimate rights and interests of relevant individuals and organizations; therefore, it contributes to the stability of the society and the development of the economy. Thus, a system of legal provisions on handling physical evidence have been developed to ensure the role of this activity, including not only criminal procedure law, but also provisions in the penal law, the civil law, and other relevant legal documents. Over the recent years, apart from successes, the implementation of activities to handle physical evidence in Vietnam in practice has revealed numerous limitations: the law on handling of physical evidence is not yet in line with the actual case settlement in practice; there are violations of the law on handling of physical evidence by competent persons, agencies, which might create conditions for abuse of powers, appropriating, damaging, losing physical evidence and might cause irreversible consequences. For those reasons, this article addresses theoretical and practical issues on the handling of physical evidence and, on that basis, proposes solutions to improve the efficiency of this activity in criminal cases at the requests of the judicial reform in Vietnam.
 Keywords: Physical evidence, handling physical evidence, methods to handle physical evidence, criminal procedure.
 
 
 

This research is important to understand how much influence Price and Physical Evidence together in forming online consumer Purchasing Decisions in Bengkulu City This research aims to examine the influence of price and physical evidence on purchasing decisions on Shopee e-commerce in Bengkulu City. The focus of this research is to find out whether price and physical evidence influence purchasing decisions on Shopee e-commerce in Bengkulu City. The approach used is a quantitative approach with primary data. The sample in this study was the people of Bengkulu City, namely 130 people. The results of the linear regression analysis are Equation Y = 1.909 + 0.470 X1 + 0.459 X2 + e, this describes a positive regression direction, meaning that the price variable, physical evidence, has a positive influence on purchasing decisions on Shopee e-commerce in Bengkulu City. From the results of calculations using SPSS 25, it can be seen that the coefficient of determination R square is 0.758. This means that the value of Price (X1) and physical evidence (X2) influences the purchasing decision (Y) by 75.8% while the remaining 24.2% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. The results of the t-test at a significance level <0.05 explain that partially Price (X1) and physical evidence (X2) have a significant influence on purchasing decisions on Shopee e-commerce in Bengkulu city. If the f test result is less than 0.000, then the variables Price (X1) and physical evidence (X2) have a significant influence on purchasing decisions (Y) on Shopee e-commerce in Bengkulu city.