Trace metal transport during managed aquifer recharge with monovalent-partial desalinated water: The role of divalent ions and organic matter

Abstract

Global fresh groundwater resources are threatened due to increasing withdrawal and salinization. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) is an effective approach to augment overexploited aquifers and can also be applied to improve the groundwater quality by infiltration of desalinated water. But MAR can also bear risks when the soil passage or aquifer contains trace metals (e.g. As, V, Co, Cd) with their mobilization and subsequent human uptake. Understanding of metal mobilization (especially As) due to mineral dissolution at MAR sites with desalinated water was subject of investigation in many studies. Ionic strength and divalent ions concentration of the infiltrating water are known to influence the transport behaviour of trace metals by controlling dissolution and stabilization. As a new approach for water desalination, the aim of the cooperative project “innovatION” is the development of a monovalent-selective membrane capacitive deionization method to remove monovalent ions from brackish water. Other than fully desalinated water, the product water is still enriched in divalent ions. Here, we present first insights on how trace metal transport during MAR depends on the chemistry of the infiltrating water. Trace elements, as for example As, were found in sands of the East Frisian Island Langeoog, Northern Germany, and could be mobilized during potential MAR. We conducted column experiments with infiltration of a fresh groundwater (fGW), monovalent partial desalinated water (mPDW) and pure water (PW) into grey dune sand from Langeoog. Our results show As mobilization due to shifting redox conditions and iron mineral dissolution up to a maximum of 16 µg/l in the outflow. Notably, the infiltration of mPDW, with a higher ionic strength than fGW and PW, lead to a temporary retention of As with a concentration decline to 2 µg/l and subsequently a slow increase. Whereas As is further mobilized with a very slow decrease with infiltration of fGW and PW. Arsenic concentrations were positively connected to dissolved organic carbon concentrations of the outflow, an indication that organic complexation of As takes place after dissolution of Fe-minerals. Clearly, the infiltration of mPDW can mitigate potentially harmful colloidal trace element transport. These results help to understand the mechanisms of sorption, desorption and transport of trace metals in environments with changing pore water chemistry during MAR. Our research also aids to better assess the functionality of this novel desalination technique that has high potential to improve groundwater quality.