Trace level analysis of micropollutants in aqueous samples using gas chromatography with on-line sample enrichment and large volume injection

Abstract

In this review article an overview of methods for the analysis of aqueous samples with capillary gas chromatography is presented. The methods can be classified into two approaches: a direct approach in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, and an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The emphasis is on methods in which sample preparation and GC analysis are combined on-line. An outline of methods for large volume injection is also presented as the use of on-line systems often involves the introduction of large volumes of sample extract.