Abstract
Background: Flubendiamide, comparatively a new pesticide designed to eradicate lepidopteran insect pests is known to have low risk to birds, mammals, fish, algae, honey bees, non-target arthropods, earthworms, soil macro- and micro-organisms, non-target plants as well as sewage treatment organisms; however, the risk assessment for aquatic invertebrates from metabolite could not be finalized with available data. Methods: Different concentrations of flubendiamide (TATA TAKUMI®, Rallis, India) were introduced to larvae, pupae, and adult flies. A wide range of comparatively higher concentrations was selected for acute LC50 than chronic LC50 due to their exposure duration. Furthermore, relatively lower concentrations were introduced to larvae for assessment of emergence. Results: At chronic exposure, the effect-concentration relationship exhibited a linear response when adult emergence was considered in Drosophila melanogaster. When acute LC50 of flubendiamide in 3rd instar larvae was compared with the chronic LC50 then it was seen to be approximately 21 fold higher whereas chronic LC50 for adult flies was nearly 19 times less than the adult acute LC50. Similarly, adult emergence was seen to lower by 91.95% at 1500 µg/mL concentration. The chronic LC50 of the flubendiamide in Drosophila was approximately 170303 times more than the reported No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC). Conclusion: Hence, the chemical, flubendiamide can induce its effects at very low concentration, far below the lethal ones. Thus, the study is of relevance for the non-target insects as well as the insect dependent organisms.
Highlights
Lethal concentration 50 or LC50 is the concentration of any chemical substance, which on application causes 50% death of individuals in a population
According to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [3], the acceptable/ allowable daily intake value of flubendiamide has been reported around 0.017 mg/kg body weight
Probit analysis of the data provided the values of acute LC50 of flubendiamide in adult flies as 338844.16, 257039.58 and 154881.66 μg/mL that demonstrated a time-dependent declining trend in lethality (Fig. 2a, b, c)
Summary
Lethal concentration 50 or LC50 is the concentration of any chemical substance, which on application causes 50% death of individuals in a population. Evaluation of LC50 is the pioneer step in toxicological assessment of any chemical. It helps to select sub-lethal concentrations to carry out several toxicity tests. This knowledge is essential for exploring impacts of any chemical on physical and physiological status of exposed organisms. Results: At chronic exposure, the effect-concentration relationship exhibited a linear response when adult emergence was considered in Drosophila melanogaster. When acute LC50 of flubendiamide in 3rd instar larvae was compared with the chronic LC50 it was seen to be approximately 21 fold higher whereas chronic LC50 for adult flies was nearly 19 times less than the adult acute LC50. The chronic LC50 of the flubendiamide in Drosophila was approximately 170303 times more than the reported No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC).
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