Abstract
Simple SummaryDisbudding is becoming a routine husbandry procedure in goat farms even though it is a painful procedure without appropriate pain relief. One of the ways to alleviate or minimize the pain associated with disbudding is by using local anesthetics like lidocaine hydrochloride. However, lidocaine hydrochloride has been reported to be toxic in goat kids and there is some data regarding the doses that produce toxicity in goat kids. Therefore, the research team studied the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of lidocaine hydrochloride in goat kids to recommend a safe dose for disbudding.This study determined the convulsant plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters following cornual nerve block and compared the results to recommend a safe dose of lidocaine hydrochloride for goat kids. The plasma concentrations of lidocaine and monoethylglycinexylidide (MGX) were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total dose of 7 mg/kg body weight (BW) was tolerated and should therefore be safe for local and regional anesthesia in goat kids. The mean plasma concentration and mean total dose that produced convulsions in goat kids were 13.59 ± 2.34 µg/mL and 12.31 ± 1.42 mg/kg BW (mean ± S.D.), respectively. The absorption of lidocaine following subcutaneous administration was rapid with Cmax and Tmax of 2.12 ± 0.81 µg/mL and 0.33 ± 0.11 h, respectively. The elimination half-lives (t½λz) of lidocaine hydrochloride and MGX were 1.71 ± 0.51 h and 3.19 ± 1.21 h, respectively. Injection of 1% lidocaine hydrochloride (0.5 mL/site) was safe and effective in blocking the nerves supplying horn buds in goat kids.
Highlights
Disbudding is performed in domestic ruminants to prevent injuries among handlers or herd mates, to avoid damage to farm facilities and to facilitate the use of head bails [1,2,3,4]
In the dose-ranging study, a dose of 7 mg/kg body weight (BW) administered intravenously over a period of 60 s did not produce any observable toxicity signs. This dose should be safe to use in goat kids for cornual nerve block since toxicity is unlikely to occur even if this dose is accidentally injected into veins
The toxic conclusive concentrations determined in this study may be used as a standard to compare the peak plasma concentrations following various routes of administration to determine the safe dose in goat kids
Summary
Disbudding is performed in domestic ruminants to prevent injuries among handlers or herd mates, to avoid damage to farm facilities and to facilitate the use of head bails [1,2,3,4]. Disbudding in dairy goats is becoming a routine husbandry procedure even though it is a very stressful and painful procedure when performed without appropriate pain relief [6,7]. Disbudding is inevitable in such goat breeds [8]. Thermal cauterization is the most commonly used technique but it is painful and stressful without appropriate anesthesia and analgesia [8,9]. It is recommended to provide pain relief to improve the welfare of the animals undergoing disbudding [3,6]
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