Abstract
Over the last century, substantial advances have been made, based on improved understanding of the requirements of grinding processes, machines, control systems, materials, abrasives, wheel preparation, coolants, lubricants, and coolant delivery. This paper reviews a selection of areas in which the application of scientific principles and engineering ingenuity has led to the development of new grinding processes, abrasives, tools, machines, and systems. Topics feature a selection of areas where relationships between scientific principles and new techniques are yielding improved productivity and better quality. These examples point towards further advances that can fruitfully be pursued. Applications in modern grinding technology range from high-precision kinematics for grinding very large lenses and reflectors through to medium size grinding machine processes and further down to grinding very small components used in micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) devices. The importance of material issues is emphasized for the range of conventional engineering steels, through to aerospace materials, ceramics, and composites. It is suggested that future advances in productivity will include the wider application of artificial intelligence and robotics to improve precision, process efficiency, and features required to integrate grinding processes into wider manufacturing systems.
Highlights
What Is the Potential for Future InnovationIn a narrow context, grinding is the removal of material using a high speed abrasive
Over the last century, substantial advances have been made, based on improved understanding of the requirements of grinding processes, machines, control systems, materials, abrasives, wheel preparation, coolants, lubricants, and coolant delivery
Innovations in modern grinding technology cover an immense range of scientific and industrial disciplines spanning from the interdisciplinary science of tribology and surface interactions to control systems and artificial intelligence [1]
Summary
In a narrow context, grinding is the removal of material using a high speed abrasive. It was recognized more than 100 years ago that almost every aspect of process behaviour including energy efficiency and material removal rate depends on maximum uncut chip thickness as proposed by Alden [6] and Guest [7] In this respect, grinding is very little different from micro-milling, grinding is performed at much high surface speeds of the cutting edges which. As melting temperatures are approached, the energy required to shear the material, is reduced This process and a predominance of chip formation energy over rubbing and sliding energy provides a partial explanation for a low energy asymptote at high removal rates. It may be necessary to reduce chip thickness by increasing wheel speed and to ensure effective lubrication and cooling [14]
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