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Abstract
The zero-waste biorefinery concept inspired a green oleo-extraction of both natural volatile (e.g., borneol, camphor, o-cymene, eucalyptol, limonene, α-pinene, and terpinen-4-ol) and non-volatile (e.g., carnosol, carnosic, and rosmarinic acid) bioactive compounds from rosemary leaves with vegetable oils and their amphiphilic derivatives as simple food-grade solvents. It is noteworthy that soybean oil could obtain the highest total phenolic compounds (TPCs) among 12 refined oils including grapeseed, rapeseed, peanut, sunflower, olive, avocado, almond, apricot, corn, wheat germ, and hazelnut oils. Furthermore, the addition of oil derivatives to soybean oils, such as glyceryl monooleate (GMO), glyceryl monostearate (GMS), diglycerides, and soy lecithin in particular, could not only significantly enhance the oleo-extraction of non-volatile antioxidants by 66.7% approximately, but also help to remarkably improve the solvation of volatile aroma compounds (VACs) by 16% in refined soybean oils. These experimental results were in good consistency with their relative solubilities predicted by the more sophisticated COSMO-RS (COnductor like Screening MOdel for Real Solvents) simulation. This simple procedure of using vegetable oils and their derivatives as bio-based solvents for simultaneously improving the extraction yield of natural antioxidants and flavors from rosemary showed its great potential in up-scaling with the integration of green techniques (ultrasound, microwave, etc.) for zero-waste biorefinery from biomass waste to high value-added extracts in future functional food and cosmetic applications.
Highlights
The large quantities of biomass wastes generated from food processing industries worldwide could be considered as a huge potential resource with high-value compounds for biorefinery, which can provide bio-based chemicals and renewable energy with high added value rather than environmentalAntioxidants 2019, 8, 140; doi:10.3390/antiox8050140 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidantsAntioxidants 2019, 8, 140 pollution compromising the economy, environment, and human society in the future [1,2]
Apart from the major composition in oils, it must be mentioned that minor compounds including diglycerides (DAGs), monoglycerides (MAGs), and phospholipids could be considered as food-grade surfactants, which can strongly affect the physiochemical and dissolving properties of the vegetable oils [25]
This study aimed at developing a green oleo-extraction of total volatile and non-volatile bioactive compounds from rosemary leaves towards a zero-waste biorefinery concept using vegetable oils and their amphiphilic derivative constitutes as bio-based solvents
Summary
The large quantities of biomass wastes generated from food processing industries worldwide could be considered as a huge potential resource with high-value compounds for biorefinery, which can provide bio-based chemicals and renewable energy with high added value rather than environmentalAntioxidants 2019, 8, 140; doi:10.3390/antiox8050140 www.mdpi.com/journal/antioxidantsAntioxidants 2019, 8, 140 pollution compromising the economy, environment, and human society in the future [1,2]. The large quantities of biomass wastes generated from food processing industries worldwide could be considered as a huge potential resource with high-value compounds for biorefinery, which can provide bio-based chemicals and renewable energy with high added value rather than environmental. The existing biorefinery technologies (anaerobic digestion, fermentation, hydrothermal conversion, pyrolysis, etc.) have been widely studied and applied in biomass waste reutilization, increasing concern about high setup costs accompanied by incomplete resource utilization, and even secondary pollution, is compelling the scientific, industrial, and government communities to focus more efforts on developing green biorefinery technologies that integrate innovative technologies, which is crucial in achieving maximum recognition of biowastes as chemical and energy resources [3]. Several representative technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluids, and instantaneous controlled decompression have successfully proved their effectiveness for the green extraction of natural products from laboratorial to industrial scale [8,9,10,11,12].
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