Towards a Semantic Web of Things: A Hybrid Semantic Annotation, Extraction, and Reasoning Framework for Cyber-Physical System.

Zhenyu Wu,Yunong Yang,Yuan Xu,Chunhong Zhang,Xinning Zhu,Yang Ji

doi:10.3390/s17020403

Zhenyu Wu, Yunong Yang + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/s17020403

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Abstract

Web of Things (WoT) facilitates the discovery and interoperability of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in a cyber-physical system (CPS). Moreover, a uniform knowledge representation of physical resources is quite necessary for further composition, collaboration, and decision-making process in CPS. Though several efforts have integrated semantics with WoT, such as knowledge engineering methods based on semantic sensor networks (SSN), it still could not represent the complex relationships between devices when dynamic composition and collaboration occur, and it totally depends on manual construction of a knowledge base with low scalability. In this paper, to addresses these limitations, we propose the semantic Web of Things (SWoT) framework for CPS (SWoT4CPS). SWoT4CPS provides a hybrid solution with both ontological engineering methods by extending SSN and machine learning methods based on an entity linking (EL) model. To testify to the feasibility and performance, we demonstrate the framework by implementing a temperature anomaly diagnosis and automatic control use case in a building automation system. Evaluation results on the EL method show that linking domain knowledge to DBpedia has a relative high accuracy and the time complexity is at a tolerant level. Advantages and disadvantages of SWoT4CPS with future work are also discussed.

Highlights

Web of Things (WoT) [1] aims at reusing the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) architectural style [2] and Web protocols to make networked physical objects first-class citizens of the World WideWeb
This paper proposes the SWoT4CPS framework, and it provides a hybrid solution with both ontological engineering methods by extending sensor networks (SSN) and machine learning methods based on an entity linking (EL) model
Applications, Semantic Web of Things (SWoT)-O ontology is modeled for further semantic logical reasoning

Summary

Introduction

Web of Things (WoT) [1] aims at reusing the REpresentational State Transfer (REST) architectural style [2] and Web protocols to make networked physical objects first-class citizens of the World Wide. Web. In the context of WoT, physical things are abstracted as building blocks of Web applications with uniform resource identifiers (URI), standard HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) interfaces, and hypermedia-based representations. In cyber-physical system (CPS) applications, the virtualization of devices with RESTful Web APIs lowers the barriers of developing IoT application across domains, especially in complex building automation, industry 4.0, or smart city applications. The Semantic Web of Things (SWoT) [4] is proposed, bridging semantic technology to the Web of Things, facilitating the creation of a networked knowledge infrastructure [5] with more interoperable meaningful data from both the physical and cyber world. High-level knowledge could be queried and inferred from details of the sensory observations to gain more contextual human-machine and machine-machine interactions

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