Abstract
The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.
Highlights
The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being standardized and deployed worldwide from 2020
While 5G mainly concentrates on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (uRLLC), 6G networks will largely enhance and extend the application scenarios
In [4], these three scenarios were named as the ubiquitous mobile ultrabroadband, ultra-high-speed with low-latency communications, and ultra-high data density, respectively
Summary
The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being standardized and deployed worldwide from 2020. The key capabilities include 20 Gbps peak data rate, 0.1 Gbps user experienced data rate, 1 ms end-to-end latency, supporting 500 km/h mobility, 1 million devices/km connection density, 10 Mbps/m2 area traffic capacity, 3 times spectrum efficiency, and 100 times energy efficiency compared to the fourth generation (4G) wireless communication systems Various key technologies such as the millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), and ultra-dense network (UDN) have been proposed to achieve the goal of 5G [1]. In particular federated learning shows to be a promising approach, where dataset correlation algorithms are distributed over mobile robotic objects and aggregated learning happens over the cloud This generates a completely new class of network traffic, with large bandwidth and widely varying latency demands. This is untouched soil, which makes it exciting and very challenging at the same time!
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