Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors have led a paradigm shift to painless, continuous, zero-finger pricking measurement in blood glucose monitoring. Recent electrochemical CGM sensors have reached two-week lifespans and no calibration with clinically acceptable accuracy. The system with the recent CGM sensors is identified as an “integrated glucose monitoring system,” which can replace finger-pricking glucose-testing for diabetes treatment decisions. Although such innovation has brought CGM technology closer to realizing the artificial pancreas, discomfort and infection problems have arisen from short lifespans and open wounds. A fully implantable sensor with a longer-term lifespan (90 days) is considered as an alternative CGM sensor with high comfort and low running cost. However, it still has barriers, including surgery for applying and replacing and frequent calibration. If technical refinement is conducted (e.g., stability and reproducibility of sensor fabrication), fully implantable, long-term CGM sensors can open the new era of continuous glucose monitoring.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects more than 400 million people worldwide [1].Since high or low blood glucose concentration episodes and high glycemic variability can cause diabetic complications and even lead to death, it is crucial for diabetic patients to maintain their blood glucose concentration in a normal range and to decrease glycemic variability [2,3,4,5]
continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) employ sensors are implanted under continuously fluid subcutaneous sensors that are implanted under the skin and continuously monitor subcutaneous (ISF) glucose
The implantable glucose biosensor is the key componentModified of continuous monitoring that is a powerful tool to manage disease or blood glucose
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that affects more than 400 million people worldwide [1]. To maintain blood glucose concentration in the normal level and reduce blood glucose variability, people with diabetes must first understand their blood glucose concentrations. Blood glucose concentration measurement is accompanied with painful finger-pricking. Such intermittent monitoring is painful, and ineffective to prevent abnormal blood glucose concentrations between measurement points [6]. An implantable sensor is a key component of continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Since Minimed released the first CGMS in 1999, CGMS technologies have been innovated to open the new era of glucose monitoring: Zero-finger-pricking, continuous glucose monitoring [9,10,11,12]. We introduce regulation change in CGMS to help researchers develop commercial-quality CGMSs. Comparisonofoffinger-pricking finger-prickingself-monitoring self-monitoringofofblood bloodglucose glucose(SMBC).
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