Abstract
The incidence of diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate, and regular glucose monitoring is critical in order to manage diabetes. Currently, glucose in the body is measured by an invasive method of blood sugar testing. Blood glucose (BG) monitoring devices measure the amount of sugar in a small sample of blood, usually drawn from pricking the fingertip, and placed on a disposable test strip. Therefore, there is a need for non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring, which is possible using a sweat sensor-based approach. As sweat sensors have garnered much interest in recent years, this study attempts to summarize recent developments in non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring using sweat sensors based on different approaches with an emphasis on the devices that can potentially be integrated into a wearable platform. Numerous research entities have been developing wearable sensors for continuous blood glucose monitoring, however, there are no commercially viable, non-invasive glucose monitors on the market at the moment. This review article provides the state-of-the-art in sweat glucose monitoring, particularly keeping in sight the prospect of its commercialization. The challenges relating to sweat collection, sweat sample degradation, person to person sweat amount variation, various detection methods, and their glucose detection sensitivity, and also the commercial viability are thoroughly covered.
Highlights
Wearable and digital technologies are bringing innovations to enable individuals with the ability to monitor their fitness and health conditions regularly and non-invasively
There are implantable glucose monitoring systems that contribute in offering regular glucose monitoring, but these methods are not recommended for all diabetic patients due to their invasive nature, and some of these approaches have been reported to show inaccuracies up to 21% [9]
Sensors based on fluorescence-based optical sensing employ light frequencies that vary depending on the concentration of glucose molecules in order to establish the interaction of the fluorescent nanoparticles or semiconductors with glucose molecules
Summary
Wearable and digital technologies are bringing innovations to enable individuals with the ability to monitor their fitness and health conditions regularly and non-invasively. This review article provides a current update on the state-of-art in continuous sweat glucose monitoring and their commercial prospects We extensively cover both the sweat collection mechanisms and various sweat glucose sensing mechanisms comprising the detection and transduction.
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