Abstract
Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM) is used in corrosion studies to quantify the relative nobility of different microstructural features present within complex metallic systems and thereby elucidate possible corrosion initiation sites. However, Volta potential differences (VPDs) measured via SKPFM in the literature for metal alloys exhibit large variability, making interpretation and application for corrosion studies difficult. We have developed an improved method for referencing SKPFM VPDs by quantifying the closely related work function of the probe relative to an inert gold standard whose modified work function is calculated via density functional theory (DFT). By measuring and tracking changes in the probe vs. gold VPD, this method compensates for some of the complex effects that cause changes in an individual probe's work function. Furthermore, it provides a path toward direct, quantitative comparison of SKPFM results obtained by different researchers. Application of this method to a Cu-Ag-Ti eutectic braze of a steel sample imaged with multiple SKPFM probes of differing compositions led to enhanced repeatability both within and among probe types, as well as enabled the calculation of modified work function values for each of the microstructural constituents present.
Highlights
The traditional Kelvin probe is a conductive vibrating capacitorlike plate used in vacuum to measure the contact potential difference, which correlates to the work function difference between the probe and the sample of interest
5.12 eV was used as the calculated work function of the gold on the standard
Quantifying probe work function.—Prior to utilizing the de scribed method to quantify the work functions of the constituents present in the braze sample, an experiment was conducted to quan tify statistical differences between probe types, as well as between probes of the same design
Summary
A practice has been presented for SKPFM, wherein the pseudo reference probe is calibrated by compar ing Volta potential of the material of interest to the Volta potential of a relatively inert material (e.g., gold).[3,42,52,70,71] Expanding on this ap proach, the observed work functions of heterogeneities on the surface of metal alloys can be better quantified and compared to theoretical calculations from DFT.
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