Abstract
Amino acid profile and total nitrogen are key aspects of HM protein quality. Herein, we report a systematic review and meta‐analysis of published FAA and TAA profiles in HM from several countries. Analysis of Variance and Principle Components Analysis were used to analyze the effects of gestation period, lactation stage, and geographical region. Data on total nitrogen and TAA composition of HM revealed general inter‐study consistency whereas FAA concentrations varied substantially among studies. All 18 individual TAA concentrations in HM steadily declined in the first two months of lactation and remained relatively unchanged thereafter through the study period of 18 months. In contrast, the levels of the FAA glutamic acid and glutamine peaked at 3–6 months and decreased thereafter. Interestingly, glutamic acid was present at ~50‐fold higher level compared to other FAA in HM. Statistically significant differences were observed for some of the TAA and FAA between preterm and term milk as well as among different regions, i.e. North America vs. Asia Pacific vs. Europe; there was a paucity of data from Africa. This systematic review represents a useful data set for the evaluation of protein quality of breast milk substitutes for preterm and term infants. Its comprehensive nature may serve as a guide to support future efforts in further development of global and/or regional human milk amino acid standards.
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