Total energy expenditure of 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children measured using the doubly labeled water method

Keisuke Komura,Kazuhiro Suzuki,Naoyuki Ebine,Misaka Kimura,Yosuke Yamada,Kazufumi Hirakawa,Kojiro Ishii,Haruo Ozawa,Satoshi Nakae

doi:10.1186/s12986-017-0226-y

Abstract

BackgroundTo establish Japanese children’s estimated energy requirements, total energy expenditure (TEE) data measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method is needed. This study aimed to 1) obtain basic TEE data from Japanese children measured using DLW (TEEDLW), 2) compare TEEDLW with TEE estimated by various estimation formulas to calculate their accuracy, and 3) develop a new equation to estimate TEE using body composition and pedometers.MethodsTEE was measured using DLW in 56 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children (33 boys, 23 girls). Physical activity level (PAL) was calculated by dividing TEEDLW by estimated resting energy expenditure. To assess their physical activity, participants wore pedometers during the 7-d DLW period. Total body water was calculated from 2H and 18O; fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were then determined.ResultsIn boys and girls of normal weight, TEEDLW was 2067 ± 230 kcal/d and 1830 ± 262 kcal/d, respectively. Average PAL was 1.58 ± 0.17. FFM was strongly related to TEE (r = 0.702, p < 0.01). After adjusting for FFM and FM, step count was significantly associated with TEE (r = 0.707, p < 0.01). The TEE estimation formula used in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for the United States and Canada estimated TEEDLW with high accuracy (bias: 2.0%) in both sexes. We developed new equations for TEE consisting of FFM and step count, which accounted for 68% and 65% of TEE variance in boys and girls, respectively: boys, 47.1 × FFM (kg) + 0.0568 × step count (steps/d) – 122, and girls, 55.5 × FFM (kg) + 0.0315 × step count (steps/d) - 117.ConclusionsThe TEE in 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children measured using DLW was approximately 7% lower for boys and 12% lower for girls compared to the current Japanese DRI. If PAL can be accurately determined, the equation in the DRI for the United States and Canada may be applicable to Japanese children. In addition, TEE could be predicted using FFM and step count.

Highlights

To establish Japanese children’s estimated energy requirements, total energy expenditure (TEE) data measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method is needed
TEEDLW-2h aSubjects were classified based on BMI cutoffs [29] bFFM fat-free mass cFM fat mass dTotal energy expenditure measured by doubly labeled water of all subjects eResting energy expenditure was predicted by equation of Kaneko et al [26] fPhysical activity level was calculated as TEEDLW / predicted REE [26] gWe excluded the data of two boys and two girls because of insufficient pedometer wearing time hTEEDLW excluding overweight and obese subjects on the basis of BMI
We found that TEEDLW of 10- to 12-year-old Japanese children was lower than current Japan-Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) criteria [4]

Summary

Introduction

To establish Japanese children’s estimated energy requirements, total energy expenditure (TEE) data measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method is needed. Estimated energy requirements (EER) as indicated in Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (Japan-DRI) [1] are defined as “habitual energy intake in a day which is predicted to have the highest probability that energy balance (energy intake − energy expenditure, in adults) becomes zero in a group [2].”. EER can be estimated from dietary assessment by assuming that the energy intake and energy requirement are equal when weight does not fluctuate substantially over a short time, but this method underestimates EER [3]. Energy intake is assumed to equal total energy expenditure (TEE), and generally EER is estimated from TEE [4]. To establish the EER of Japanese children, data using the DLW method must be collected to serve as a gold-standard population reference

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