Abstract
BackgroundOxidative stress induced by the production of reactive oxygen species may play a critical role in the stimulation of HIV replication and the development of immunodeficiency. This study was conducted as there are limited and inconclusive studies on the significance of a novel early marker of oxidative stress which can reflect the total antioxidant capacity in HIV patients,MethodsTotal antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation were evaluated in 50 HIV-1 seropositive patients (including HIV-1 symptomatics and asymptomatics). Controls included 50 age and sex matched and apparently healthy HIV-1 seronegative subjects. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), Total antioxidant capacity [TAC] (by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay), vitamin E, vitamin C and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were estimated among controls and cases. Statistical comparisons and correlations at 5% level of significance were determined.Results and DiscussionThe mean MDA concentrations were significantly elevated in both HIV-1 asymptomatic (CD4+ count > 500 cells/microliter) and HIV-1 symptomatic (CD4+ count <500 cells/microliter) groups (Mean ± S.D values were 2.2 +/- 0.7 nmol/ml and 2.8 +/- 0.8 nmol/ml respectively) when compared with the control group (Mean ± S.D value was 0.9 +/- 0.2 nmol/ml) (p < 0.01). The mean TAC of HIV- 1 asymptomatic and HIV-1 symptomatic (Mean ± S.D values were 754.6 ± 135.6 μmol/L and 676.6 ± 154.1 μmol/L respectively) patients were significantly reduced compared with the control group (Mean ± S.D value was 1018.7 ± 125.6 μmol/L) (p < 0.01). Also, there were significantly decreased levels of vitamin E, vitamin C and SOD among HIV-1 seropositive patients(controls > asymptomatic > symptomatic) compared to controls (p < 0.01). TAC showed significant negative correlation with MDA among HIV-1 infected patients (p < 0.01).ConclusionOur results clearly show that severe oxidative stress occurs in the HIV-1 seropositive patients in comparison with controls, and increases significantly with the progression of disease, i.e. HIV-1 symptomatics > asymptomatics > controls. TAC can be used as a novel early bio-chemical marker of oxidative stress in HIV-1 infected patients which may result in reduced tissue damage by free radicals and help to monitor and optimize antioxidant therapy in such patients.
Highlights
Oxidative stress induced by the production of reactive oxygen species may play a critical role in the stimulation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and the development of immunodeficiency
Oxidative stress can be defined as an imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant system, with an advantage towards the oxidant system: A variety of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants present in human serum become insufficient to circumvent HIV-1 replication secondary to cellular ROS production by a pro-oxidant effect of inflammatory cytokines and/or a polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation [1]
Previous studies have suggested a role of oxidative stress in the stimulation of HIV replication and the development of immunodeficiency, significance of a novel early marker of oxidative stress which can reflect the total antioxidant capacity in HIV patients is not much studied [1,2]
Summary
Oxidative stress induced by the production of reactive oxygen species may play a critical role in the stimulation of HIV replication and the development of immunodeficiency. This study was conducted as there are limited and inconclusive studies on the significance of a novel early marker of oxidative stress which can reflect the total antioxidant capacity in HIV patients, Methods: Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation were evaluated in 50 HIV-1 seropositive patients (including HIV-1 symptomatics and asymptomatics). Previous studies have suggested a role of oxidative stress in the stimulation of HIV replication and the development of immunodeficiency, significance of a novel early marker of oxidative stress which can reflect the total antioxidant capacity in HIV patients is not much studied [1,2]. The study was conducted after informed consent was obtained and the study has been approved by the ethical committee of Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur
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