Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein). Autoimmune diseases are part of a group of diseases that are difficult to diagnose without a specific protocol or consensus to detect them due to the number of symptoms and diseases with which it has a relationship. Therefore, the aim of this review was to analyze the diagnostic tools of CD used in middle-aged women, to compare the use and effectiveness of the different tools, and to propose a strategy for the use of the tools based on the results found in the literature. The present research followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search was conducted in the following databases: Scielo, PubMed, Web of Science, and Worldwide Science org. In the initial literature search, 2004 titles and relevant abstracts were found. Among them, 687 were duplicates, leaving 1130 articles. Based on the inclusion criteria, only 41 articles passed the selection process; 4 main types of analyses appear in the studies: blood tests, questionnaires, clinical history, and biopsy. It can be said that none of the analyses have a 100% reliability since most of them can present false negatives; therefore, the best way to diagnose celiac disease up to now is through a combination of different tests (Immunoglobulin A and small intestinal biopsy).
Highlights
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten [1,2,3,4]
It is currently estimated that 1% of the world population suffers from CD; it mainly occurs in women, with a probability of
In a study made in the United Kingdom, it was concluded that celiac women have the same possibilities of the present fertility problems [7]
Summary
Celiac disease (CD) is an immunological disorder that mainly affects the small intestine, generating an inflammatory process in response to the presence of gluten (a protein found mainly in wheat, barley, and rye, among other contaminated foods like oatmeal) [1,2,3,4]. It is currently estimated that 1% of the world population suffers from CD; it mainly occurs in women, with a probability of. The average age for diagnosis is around 45 years in Europe in the last 10 years; in Spain, the last analysis said that most of the diagnoses occur in persons over 20 years. The average does not mean that it cannot be diagnosed earlier; it means that, in this decade, more diagnoses. Public Health 2020, 17, 539; doi:10.3390/ijerph17020539 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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