Tools for Tracking Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract

When a team of researchers from Sweden first started measuring chemicals in a river near Patancheru, India, they found shocking concentrations of drugs flowing downstream—for example, levels of the potent antibiotic ciprofloxacin greater than those found in the blood of humans taking the drug. A major source of these drugs was treated wastewater from pharmaceutical manufacturing plants that was discharged into the river and surrounding environs, as Joakim Larsson and his colleagues from the University of Gothenburg reported several years ago.1 An update published in PLoS ONE2 now links the drugs with downstream development of microbes with genetic resistance to multiple antibiotics typically used to treat human illness. The researchers found snippets of genetic material in bacteria from river sediments downstream of the treatment plant that conferred resistance not only to ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone, but also to betalactams, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and other classes of antibiotics. Several genes that provide resistance to ciprofloxacin and have the ability to transfer between different bacteria were extremely common at some of the sampling sites.2 What if the bacteria in Patancheru could develop ways to survive the daily onslaught of ciprofloxacin, most likely over the course of years in their river environment, and ended up passing on their new genetic resistance to pathogenic bacteria that could be a threat to human health? Although Larsson’s team has yet to catalog antibiotic resistance in the local population, people in the region are continually exposed to resistant microbes as they use the river water for agriculture and everyday home life. “This is a huge scary experiment in nature,” Larsson says. Just how isolated these kinds of drug “hot spots” are remains unknown, although researchers have pressed for global monitoring of antibiotic use and resistance for the past several decades, across disciplines as diverse as clinical medicine and ecotoxicity. Bringing together these fields reflects the breadth of challenges in tracking antibiotic resistance, but new technologies and ideas hold promise for the near future.