Abstract
Abstract: Environmental concerns caused by the extraction of raw materials and CO2 emissions in the production of Portland cement led to pressures to reduce the consumption of this constituent of concrete, combined with the need to increase its durability. The cement is the most costly and energy intensive component of concrete. The unit cost of concrete can be reduced as much as possible by partial replacement of cement with other waste pozzolanic materials. Certain materials of mineral origin are also added to concrete to enhance their strength and durability properties of concrete materials such as Granite Powder and other by TWA.
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