Abstract
A cost effective bio-adsorbent, titanium(IV) hydrate based on chitosan template (Ti-CHI), was synthesized using Ti(SO4)2 and chitosan for defluoridation from aqueous solutions. The Ti-CHI material was characterized using FTIR, SEM with EDX, XRD, XPS and Zeta potential. The adsorption kinetics of fluoride onto Ti-CHI followed pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The Ti-CHI was effective for defluoridating systems with low fluoride concentrations (4.52mg/L), exhibiting a 87.50% removal rate and permitting a residual fluoride concentration (0.55mg/L). The most stable pH range for fluoride removal was from 4 to 9. After combining the results of pH effects, FTIR and Zeta potential, the NH groups and TiOH groups were revealed as the fluoride adsorption sites on Ti-CHI. In addition, the carbonate ions present in the aqueous solutions adversely impact the fluoride adsorption. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir–Freundlich models were used to illustrate the isotherms of the adsorption process. The adsorption of fluoride onto Ti-CHI fits the Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherm models well. The maximum adsorption capacity for fluoride on the Ti-CHI was 16.12mg/g. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous.
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