Abstract
To increase the sensitivity of the analysis method of good copper sample preparation is essential. In this context, an analytical method was developed for sensitive determination of Cu (II) in environmental water samples by using TiO2 nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction absorbent (SPE). Factors affecting the extraction efficiency including the type, volume, concentration, and flow rate of the elution solvent, the mass of the adsorbent, and the volume, pH, and flow rate of the sample were evaluated and optimized. TiO2 nanotubes exhibited their good enrichment capacity for Cu (II) (~98%). Under optimal conditions, the method of the analysis showed good linearity in the range of 0–22 mg L−1 (R2 > 0.99), satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation: RSD was 3.16, n = 5), and a detection limit of about 32.5 ng mL−1. The proposed method was applied to real water samples, and the achieved recoveries were above 95%, showing minimal matrix effect and the robustness of the optimized SPE method.
Highlights
Inorganic contaminants are generally found in trace and ultra-trace levels to a complex matrix
HNT showed an orthorhombic system with the lattice constants a0 = 1.926 nm, b0 = 0.378 nm, and c0 = 0.300 nm [39,58] and according to the ASTM sheet N◦ 47–0124, its structure corresponded well to that of hydrogenated nanotubes of type H2Ti2O5 × H2O
Upon calcination of HNT at 500 ◦C, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TON) showed characteristic peaks of anatase phase TiO2 and additional peaks, which corresponded to H1.2Na0.8O7Ti3 crystallizing in the monoclinic system
Summary
Inorganic contaminants are generally found in trace and ultra-trace levels to a complex matrix. The values of the total volume and specific surface area depend on the average diameter of the nanotubes Among these nanotubular structures, titanium dioxide nanotubes can be used for the same applications as those known for the precursor TiO2 before the transformation. Titanium dioxide nanotubes can be used for the same applications as those known for the precursor TiO2 before the transformation Their new morphology is accompanied by new properties allowing particular and specific applications in catalysis [41,42,43,44], medical applications [45,46], environmental applications, and extraction processes of various organic and inorganic contaminants: pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, dyes, and heavy metals [47,48,49,50]
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