Tissue Engineering and New Approaches for the dissolving of some obstacles in Long-Term Electrodes

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Nowadays the medical electrodes used extensively in treatment and diagnosis in lots of disorders. For example in Seizure recognizing, treatments and prevention and also for heart pacemakers, brain pacemakers, Cochlear implant, Peripheral Nerve Stimulation Devices, this electrode have lots of use . Neural electrodes have been widely used for brain research. The use of these electrodes in the brain is limited due to their inability to record neural signals for a long time. But the main problem in these electrodes is the invasive Feature of them, so these electrodes make a wound in the place where they put, and the immune system comes to the wounded site and some of the immune cells like as Microglia and macrophages produce fibrosis. In this case, the metal and bioinert electrodes couldn`t work correctly because of the Insulation property in the fibrous tissue that produces with immune cells and connective tissue that stimulated with trauma. So tissue engineering has lots of solutions to eliminate these obstacles, for example, using biocompatible and biodegradable materials must be a good idea for this kind of devices. By the way, until today the scientists used some synthetic and natural materials as a conductor electrode ( like as chitosan) And it seems using some biological materials like as some decellularised tissue must be helpful in long-term electrodes some of the elements (Biomaterial) that the scientists used as suitablestuff for long-term materials are Polypyrrole (PPy), Polyaniline (PANI), Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) ( PEDOT), Polythiophene (PTh), Polythiophene-vinylene (PTh-V), Poly(2,5-thienylenevinylene) (PTV), Poly(3-alkylthiophene) (PAT), Poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) and Etc. We hope that in the future medical engineering and tissue engineering will be able to solve all the problems of medical electrodes.