TiO 2:polymer bulk-heterojunction thin films made from a miscible new carbazole based TiO 2 precursor with poly(N-vinylcarbazole) for enhanced charge transfer properties

Abstract

TiO 2:polymer bulk-heterojunctions (BHJ) have been elaborated from hydrolysis–condensation reactions of a TiO 2 precursor in contact to the surrounding air humidity in a polymer thin film. A new precursor: tetrakis(9H-carbazole-9-yl-ethyl-oxy) titanium [Ti(OeCarb) 4], has been synthesized as a TiO 2 precursor to form a blend with Poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) which is the archetype of non-conjugated photoconducting polymer with strong electron-donor properties. This new precursor is expected to enhance the materials miscibility because of the chemical structure of the ligand close to the PVK repetitive unit and to inhibit premature hydrolysis by a strong steric hindrance. Commercial titanium isopropoxide [Ti( iOPr) 4] was used as a reference to study the influence of the chemical structure of the precursor on BHJ properties. Photoluminescence studies have shown charge transfer enhancement when Ti(OeCarb) 4 is used. In order to understand this ligand effect, photoluminescence (PL) responses were correlated with surface chemical composition (XPS) and topography (AFM) of thin films. Results have shown that Ti(OeCarb) 4 allows a better miscibility between TiO 2 and PVK. The lower reactivity of Ti(OeCarb) 4 to hydrolysis and its chemical structure close to the repetitive unit structure of the polymer are believed to play a main role in the BHJ property improvement.