Timing and duration of nutrient restriction and its impacts on placental development and umbilical blood flow in adolescent sheep

Abstract

We hypothesized that nutrient restriction from day 50–90 of gestation decreases umbilical blood flow and that umbilical blood flow would recover to control values upon realimentation during late gestation (d 90 to 130) or remain reduced in ewes that continued to be nutrient restricted. On d 50 of gestation, young nulliparous whiteface ewes (6–8 mo; n = 41) carrying singletons were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: 100% of NRC recommendations (CON) or 60% of CON (RES). On d 90 of gestation, ewes either remained on CON or RES until d 130, or CON ewes were RES from d 90 to 130, or RES ewes were realimented to CON from d 90 to 130. This resulted in 4 treatment groups on day 130: CON–CON, CON-RES, RES-RES, RES-CON. Umbilical blood flow and fetal and placental measurements were obtained via ultrasonography every 10 days from day 50–110. Non-survival surgeries were performed on days 50, 90, and 130 (n = 6–7 ewes/group) where uterine artery and umbilical blood flows were measured during surgery via ultrasonography. Conceptus weights were recorded and placentomes collected to determine binucleate cell numbers. The study was conducted as a completely randomized design arrangement with repeated measures. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was a nutritional treatment by day interaction (P < 0.01) with CON ewes having greater umbilical blood flow compared with RES by d 90. Fetal biparietal distance, abdominal width, and kidney area increased (P < 0.05) in CON-RES with all these measurements increasing during late gestation. We partially accept our hypothesis as nutrient restriction during mid gestation decreased umbilical blood flow. However, blood flow did not return to control levels upon realimentation. By d 130, fetal and placental weights were similar between RES-RES and CON–CON. Binucleate cell numbers in the fetal trophoblast were not influenced by nutritional treatments. Our findings suggest that refeeding previously nutrient restricted pregnant adolescent ewes to control levels does not reestablish umbilical blood flow. Adequate placental development during mid gestation could protect the fetus from a decreased umbilical blood flow later in gestation when nutrients were limited by 40%.