Abstract
Objectives: Chronic kidney disease is a rising cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries, including end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The prevalence of thyroid comorbidities in persons with chronic kidney disease is documented higher than in normal population. The study aims to investigate the prevalence of morphological and functional thyroid disorders in patients with chronic kidney disease, with renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis). Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 123 consecutive patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5, on hemodialysis during a period of one month (May 2019–June 2020). All patients were enrolled for maintenance hemodialysis in B Braun Hemodialysis Center Timisoara and were examined on conventional 2B ultrasound. Thyroid blood tests were done, including serum free thyroxin (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at the time of starting hemodialysis. Results: We evaluated 123 patients (male to female ratio 70/53) mean age 62.2 ± 11.01, mostly above 65 years old, enrolled in the end-stage renal disease program, on renal replacement therapy. From the cohort, 76/123 presented thyroid disease, including autoimmune hypothyroidism, nodular goiter or thyroid cancer. Among them, 63 patients presented nodular goiter, including 3 thyroid cancers, confirmed by surgery and histopathological result, 22 patients had thyroid autoimmune disease. The serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels found in the cohort was 3.36 ± 2.313 mUI/mL, which was in the normal laboratory reference range. The thyroid volume was 13 ± 7.18 mL. A single patient in the cohort presented Graves Basedow disease, under treatment and three patients present subclinical hyperthyroidism. We have found that thyroid disease risk is increased by 3.4-fold for the female gender and also the increase of body mass index (BMI) with one unit raises the risk of developing thyroid disease with 1.083 times (p = 0.018). Conclusion: To conclude, this study aimed to quantify the prevalence of thyroid disease in end-stage kidney disease population, especially nodular goiter, important for differential diagnosis in cases with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Thyroid autoimmune disease can be prevalent among these patients, as symptoms can overlap those of chronic disease and decrease the quality of life. We have found that thyroid disease has a high prevalence among patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Thyroid goiter and nodules in ESRD patients were more prevalent than in the general population. Clinical surveillance and routine screening for thyroid disorders can improve the quality of life in these patients.
Highlights
Endocrine disorders are highly common endocrine complications among patients with chronic kidney disease, including those receiving dialysis [1].Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a worldwide public health problem and it is defined by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) as kidney damage for more than three months with structural or functional abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), manifested by pathological abnormalities or markers of kidney damage, or by GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
We evaluated 123 patients with end stage renal disease, with renal replacement therapy, with hemodialysis three times a week, mean age 62.2 ± 11.01 years
After dividing the patients according to laboratory results we have found that 74.5% of patients from our study group were euthyroid, 24.4% percent were hypothyroid (16 females and 14 males), and 4 patients (3.3%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism, but only one patient was previously known with Graves Basedow disease, the other three patients presented subclinical hyperthyroidism
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a worldwide public health problem and it is defined by the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) as kidney damage for more than three months with structural or functional abnormalities, with or without decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), manifested by pathological abnormalities or markers of kidney damage, or by GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines characterize CKD by using markers of kidney damage (proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate). Chronic kidney disease is defined by the presence of both glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min and albumin greater than 30 mg per gram of creatinine, along with abnormalities of kidney structure or function for more than three months [3]. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is defined as a GFR less than 15 mL/min or CKD stage 5 [3,4]
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