Three-dimensional instability of a plane free shear layer: an experimental study of the formation and evolution of streamwise vortices

Abstract

The three-dimensional development of a plane free shear layer subjected to small sinusoidal perturbations periodically placed along the span is experimentally studied. Both laser induced fluorescence and direct interface visualization are used to monitor the interface between the two fluids. The development of the different flow stabilities is obtained through analysis of the temporal and spatial evolution of the interface separating the two streams. It is shown that the characteristic time of growth of the two-dimensional shear instability is much shorter than that of the three-dimensional instability. The primary Kelvin-Helmholtz instability develops first, leading to the formation of an almost two-dimensional array of spanwise vortex tubes. Under the effect of the strain field created by the evolving spanwise vortices, the perturbed vorticity existing on the braids undergoes axial stretching, resulting in the formation of vortex tubes whose axes are aligned with the principal direction of the positive strain field. During the formation of these streamwise vortex tubes, the spanwise vortices maintain, to a great extent, their two-dimensionality, suggesting an almost uncoupled development of both instabilities. The vortex tubes formed through the three-dimensional instability of the braids further undergo nonlinear interactions with the spanwise vortices inducing on their cores a wavy undulation of the same wavelength, but 180° phase shifted with respect to the perturbation. In addition, it is shown that owing to the nature of the three-dimensional instability, the effect of vertical and axial perturbations are coupled. Finally, the influence of the amplitude and wavelength of the perturbation on the development of the two- and three-dimensional instabilities is described.