Abstract
Information security is increasingly important as society migrates to the information age. Classical cryptography widely used nowadays is based on computational complexity, which means that it assumes that solving some particular mathematical problems is hard on a classical computer. With the development of supercomputers and, potentially, quantum computers, classical cryptography has more and more potential risks. Quantum cryptography provides a solution which is based on the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and no-cloning theorem. While BB84-based quantum protocols are only secure when a single photon is used in communication, the three-stage quantum protocol is multi-photon tolerant. However, existing analyses assume perfect noiseless channels. In this paper, a multi-photon analysis is performed for the three-stage quantum protocol under the collective-rotation noise model. The analysis provides insights into the impact of the noise level on a three-stage quantum cryptography system.
Highlights
The purpose of cryptography is to protect the secret message that is transmitted between the legitimate sender and the receiver from unauthorized reading or modification of the message
The achievable bit error rate is important to a quantum cryptography system
A multi-photon analysis is performed for the three-stage quantum protocol under the collective-rotation noise model
Summary
The purpose of cryptography is to protect the secret message that is transmitted between the legitimate sender and the receiver from unauthorized reading or modification of the message. In the year of 2004, the first quantum dialogue protocol was proposed by Nguyen using Bell states [9], which enables the bidirectional quantum communication that Alice and Bob can transmit and receive their messages simultaneously. This protocol is a modification of the Ping-Pong protocol which started with an initial state [7]. This work distinguishes itself from existing work in the following ways: The three-stage protocol is an interesting quantum protocol as it can be used either as QKD, or as QSDC It maps information onto non-orthogonal polarization states of photons.
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