Abstract

주택 등 부동산정책은 일상생활과 직결된 분야로서 사회 경제 환경변화에 시의 적절하게 대응 반영해야 하는 바, 이는 국가의 기본 역할이다. 이를 위해 제정된 소위 부동산민사특별3법은 1980년대 제정된 임차세입자의 주거안정을 위한 주택임대차보호법 과 구분 소유건물의 권리관계를 규율하는 집합건물의 소유 및 관리에 관한 법률 , 2000년대 제정된 상가임차인의 보호를 위한 상가건물 임대차보호법 이다. 부동산민사특별법은 민법의 규정만으로는 효율적으로 규율하기 어렵거나 민법에 규정이 없는 특별하고 구체적인 사항에 관해 필요한 규정을 마련하기 위하여 제정 시행되는 바, 동일한 사항에 관하여 민법과 민사특별법이 충돌하는 경우에는 특별법 우선의 원칙에 따라 민사특별법이 우선한다. 민사특별법의 특성상 행정기관의 개입은 사적 자치의 원칙을 훼손하지 않는 범위에서 필요 최소한으로 허용하였으며, 관할은 민법의 소관부처인 법무부에서 맡고 있다. 부동산민사특별법은 법무부에서 민법의 특별법 형태로 제정했기 때문에, 민법과 유사하게 임대인 임차인 및 구분소유자 간의 법률관계(‘私法’) 위주로 규정하고, 정책적인 개입(‘公法’)은 최소화하고 있다. 법무부는 부처 특성상 권리 의무 등 법률적 관계 위주로 규율하고 있으며, 이로 인해 임차인 입주자 보호 및 부동산정책과의 연계는 법 정책적 한계를 노정하고 있다. 법률 위반시 과태료 형벌 등 행정제재가 거의 없으므로, 당사자는 소송을 통한 손해배상 등 사적으로 구제를 받을 수밖에 없다. 그러나 주택 및 상가 임차인 보호는 기본적으로 부동산시장과 연동되어 있으며, 조세, 금융, 정보 통계 등 다양한 부동산 공공정책과 맞물려 있는 점을 고려한다면 법률관계 위주의 접근에 대해 근본적 재검토가 필요한 시점이다. 본 연구는 부동산 민사특별3법의 제정배경과 주요내용을 살펴보고, 향후 주택 및 상가 임차인 보호정책이 공공복리 강화차원에서 임대인과 임차인의 권익을 보호하여 주거 및 영업활동의 안정을 도모하고 나아가 국민경제의 균형 있는 발전을 기할 수 있는 방안을 중심으로 공법학자의 시각에서 입법정책적인 해결책을 제언하는데 목적이 있다.Real estate policy including housing is an area which is directly connected to everyday life and it requires well timed response and application to social and environmental changes which is a basic role of the government. For this purpose, so called three special civil acts on real estate include HOUSING LEASE PROTECTION ACT which was established in the 1980s for stable residence of lessee, ACT ON OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT OF CONDOMINIUM BUILDINGS which regulates the relationship of rights and duties of divided ownership of buildings, and COMMERCIAL BUILDING LEASE PROTECTION ACT which was established in the 2000s for protecting lessee of commercial buildings. Special civil acts on real estate are established and enforced in order to provide necessary rules and regulations with regard to special and specific matters which are difficult to efficiently regulate solely by rules and regulations of civil acts or which have no rules and regulations provided by civil acts. In case of collision between civil acts and special civil acts concerning the same matter, special civil acts are prior based on the principle of priority in special acts. Considering the nature of special civil acts, intervention of administrative agencies are allowed to the minimum extent necessary which do not undermine the principle of private autonomy and the Ministry of Justice have the jurisdiction which is a ministry and office concerned in civil acts. Special civil acts on real estate were established in the form of special acts within civil acts and therefore regulated for the sake of the legal relationship between lessor, lessee, and/or persons holding a divided ownership and political intervention is minimized. Due to the nature of the Ministry, the Ministry of Justice regulates such acts for the sake of legal relationships such as rights and obligations, and for this reason, linkage between protection of lessor and lessee and real estate policy discloses legal and political limitations. As there are almost no administrative sanctions such as fine and punishment in case of infringement of law, parties have no choice other than personally seek relief by putting in a claim for damages through a lawsuit. Nevertheless, considering that the protection of housing and commercial building lessee is basically linked with the real estate market and interconnected with various real estate public policies including taxation, finance, information and statistics, it is time to fundamentally review the legal relationship-centered approach. The purpose of this study is to review the main contents of the background of the establishment of three special civil acts on real estate and how the policy for protecting housing and commercial lessee can promote security of housing and business activities by protecting the rights of lessor and lessee for the purpose of enhancing public welfare, and furthermore to suggest legislative and political solutions from a perspective of a specialist in public law focusing on measures which may contribute to a balanced development of the national economy.

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