Abstract

Marx and Engels, based on practical materialism and employing the philosophical paradigms of historical materialism and dialectics, developed the theory of ideology, marking its first practical turn. Grounded in the philosophical paradigm established by Marxism, Gramsci later formulated the theory of ideological hegemony, laying the cornerstone for Western Marxist ideology theory. Western scholars further advanced this practical turn by exploring the dimensions of popular culture, science and technology, and modernization.

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