Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relations between orbit-related structures and sex, age and skeletal deformities using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 216 consecutive CBCT scans of patients, who were divided according to: sex (male, n=105; female, n=111), age (A1: 18-32 years, n=71; A2: 33-47 years, n=78; A3: 48-62 years, n=67), and skeletal deformities (Class I, n=70; Class II, n=75; Class III, n=71). The supraorbital foramen (SOF) location, volume of orbit, optic canal (OC) and infraorbital canal (IOC) were evaluated. Results were analyzed using the Gamma model test. The Tukey-Kramer post-hoc test was used to compare the variables with three factors (p<0.05). Results: The IOC volume showed higher values for male, A3 and class I patients. The SOF location and the orbital volume also showed higher values for male patients. Regarding the volume of CO, it showed higher values for male and class I patients. Conclusions: According to our results, sex has been shown to have a significant influence on orbit-related structures. Age and skeletal deformities also influenced the volume of IOC and OC. These results eventually help the clinical practice, being useful for orbital reconstruction surgeries, anthropological studies, gender identification and identification of susceptibility to pathological conditions related to sexual dimorphism.
Highlights
The orbit is formed by the maxilla, frontal ethmoid, lacrimal, zygoma, sphenoid and palatine (Oppenheimer, Monson& Buchman, 2013)
Isolated orbital fractures represent between 4% to 16% of facial skeletal injuries, while combined orbital fractures represent between 30% to 55% (Manana et al, 2017)
The increase in the infraorbital canal (IOC) volume with age can be attributed to the posterior displacement of the maxilla and the lateral and inferior orbital border, which occurs in facial skeletal aging (Lambros, 2007; Lim, Min, Lee & Hong, 2016)
Summary
The orbit is formed by the maxilla, frontal ethmoid, lacrimal, zygoma, sphenoid and palatine (Oppenheimer, Monson& Buchman, 2013). The orbit is formed by the maxilla, frontal ethmoid, lacrimal, zygoma, sphenoid and palatine Its upper part consists of a part of the frontal bone and the lesser wing sphenoid; the inferior by the orbital plate of the maxilla, the orbital process of the zygoma and the orbital process of the palatine bone (Grob, Yonkers & Tao, 2017). Its medial wall is composed of the frontal process of the maxilla, orbital lamina of the ethmoid, orbital surface of the lacrimal bone, a part of the sphenoid bone. Its lateral wall encompasses the orbital process of zygoma and the orbital surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid (Norton, 2007; Hiatt & Gartner, 2001). As the extent of orbital fractures increases, the risk of iatrogenic injury to neural and vascular structures increases (Sinanoglu et al, 2016), making the treatment of orbital fractures challenging and complex (Andrades, Cuevas, Hernández, Danilla & Villalobos, 2018; Manolidis, Weeks, Kirby, Scarlett & Hollier, 2002)
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