Abstract
Thin-film photovoltaic modules based on Cu-In-Ga-Se-S (CIS) and CdTe are already being produced with high-quality and solar conversion efficiencies of around 10%, with values up to 14% expected in the near future. The integrated interconnection of single cells into large-area modules of 0.6×1.2m2 enables low-cost mass production, so that thin-film modules will soon be able to compete with conventional silicon-wafer-based modules. This contribution provides an overview of the basic technologies for CdTe and CIS modules, the research and development (R&D) issues, production technology and capacities, the module performance in long-term outdoor testing, and their use in installations.
Highlights
A high potential for cost reduction is expected for the production of thin-film photovoltaic modules as compared to conventional silicon-wafer-based methods [1]
Eight new CIS factories recently started production, or will do so in the near future. Several of these plants are located in Germany and a few are in USA and Japan
New commercial activities with CdTe modules have been announced by Arendi, Primestart Solar
Summary
A high potential for cost reduction is expected for the production of thin-film photovoltaic modules as compared to conventional silicon-wafer-based methods [1]. Regardless of the material, all thin-film techniques have advantages because of their low active material consumption and costs, the monolithic integration of cells, and independence from shortages in solar-grade silicon supplies. A flexible substrate will enable the production of lightweight, flexible modules by using the cost-efficient roll-to-roll method. We will describe and compare the basic principles of CIS and CdTe solar cells and modules. Afterwards, we will describe how the large-area mass production of CIS and CdTe solar modules is realized in real factories and present an overview of the current production activities worldwide
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