Abstract
Abstract Hot-dip galvanizing is the process of submerging steel elements into molten zinc to form a metallurgically bonded zinc coating that serves as corrosion protection for the steel substrate. Used with great success on an industrial scale for many decades, hot-dip galvanizing is a ubiquitous process. On occasion, cracks in steel members develop during galvanizing. While such cracking remains a poorly understood phenomenon, previous research has attributed the formation of cracks to the combined effects of residual strains introduced by welding and temperature-induced deformations caused by the hot-dip galvanizing process. This article presents thermomechanical analyses of a structural steel beam with a welded double-angle connection detail where cracking occurred during hot-dip galvanizing. Three-dimensional finite element models of the beam and connection detail were analyzed using the finite element analysis software Abaqus (Dassault Systèmes, Vélizy-Villacoublay, France). The welding process was simulated using the Abaqus Welding Interface, maintaining the welding sequence of the connection. After welding, the entire beam was subjected to a temperature field that was specified through a user subroutine in Abaqus, simulating the hot-dip galvanizing process. The temperature field had a bath temperature of 450°C and a thermal cycle that included dipping, dwell time, and removal from the bath. Material properties used in the simulation were nonlinear and temperature dependent. The parameters of the study were the welding sequences, heat input during welding, and the depth of the double-angle connection. It was observed that strain demands due to welding and hot-dip galvanizing were high magnitude at the cracked location in the beam. The relative significance of strain demands due to welding and of hot-dip galvanizing on the propensity for the beam to develop cracks are discussed.
Highlights
Corrosion damage of steel structures has been estimated to be as high as 3.0 % of the gross domestic product of many countries, including the United States, making it a matter of significant concern [1,2]
While cracking associated with galvanizing remains a poorly understood phenomenon, previous research has concluded that the combined effects of residual strains introduced by fabrication and strain demands caused by the hot-dip galvanizing process [3,4] are important contributing factors to the formation of cracks
It can be expected that a different dipping orientation would yield different results, so it is noted that welding sequence did have a significant effect on the magnitudes of strain at sensitive locations
Summary
Corrosion damage of steel structures has been estimated to be as high as 3.0 % of the gross domestic product of many countries, including the United States, making it a matter of significant concern [1,2]. Hot-dip galvanizing, a common industrial process used to prevent corrosion, has been used with success on a large scale for many decades. In this process, steel elements are cleaned through a surface preparation process and submerged into molten zinc to form a metallurgically bonded zinc coating that serves as corrosion protection for the steel substrate. Incidents of cracking in steel structures have been documented during the galvanizing process. Such cracks require costly repairs and raise safety concerns when structures with undetected flaws are placed in service. While cracking associated with galvanizing remains a poorly understood phenomenon, previous research has concluded that the combined effects of residual strains introduced by fabrication (e.g., rolling and straightening, welding, bending, cutting, punching) and strain demands caused by the hot-dip galvanizing process [3,4] are important contributing factors to the formation of cracks
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